Policies in India:
India: Scheme on “Accelerated development and deployment of solar water heating systems in domestic, industrial and commercial sectors”
The main objective of the scheme is to promote the widespread use of solar water heaters through a combination of financial and promotional incentives, and other support measures, with a goal of adding another one million sq. m. of solar collector area through solar water heating systems in the next two years. The targets will be achieved by providing subsidies to the users of solar water heaters. Banks have been authorised to finance solar water heaters without any upper limit to the capacity of the system. The subsidised rate of interest is 5% to domestic end users. The scheme also provides support for organizing seminars, workshops, exhibitions, training programmes, publicity and awareness campaigns, technology upgrade studies, surveys, etc. Support will also be provided to Municipalities/ Municipal Corporations that adopt and notify the modifications to their building bye-laws for making the installation of solar-assisted water heating systems mandatory in certain categories of buildings. For the year 2007 the amendment of the scheme provides for capital subsidies for installation of Solar Water Heating systems to registered institutions and commercial establishments that do not avail soft loans.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Targets: A target of installation of 300,000 sq.m. of collector area under the scheme has been kept for 2005-06, as per the following indicative break-up: Domestic Sector : 200,000 sq.m.; Institutional Sector : 50,000 sq.m.; Industrial/Commercial Sector : 50,000 sq.m
References: http://mnes.nic.in/
India: Accelerated Programme on Energy Recovery from Urban Wastes
The main objectives of the Programme are: to accelerate the promotion of setting up of projects for recovery of energy from urban wastes; to create conducive conditions with a fiscal and financial regime, to develop, demonstrate and disseminate utilisation of wastes for recovery of energy; and to harness the available potential of MSW-to-energy by the year 2017.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: The developers of commercial projects for MSW in fast track mode will be selected on the basis of a bid for minimum amount of financial assistance (or ‘viability gap’ funding) within an overall ceiling of Rs 1.50 crore per MW. Financial assistance of Rs. 2.0 crore / MW will be provided for projects based on power generation from MSW through high rate biomethanation technology. Financial assistance will be provided to the extent of 50% of the project cost, subject to a maximum of Rs. 3.0 crore / MW for setting up demonstration projects based on gasification / pyrolysis and plasma arc technologies. 40% of the project cost subject to a maximum of Rs 2.0 crore/MW shall be provided for projects for generation of power from biogas being produced at Sewage Treatment Plants. 50% of project cost subject to upper limit of Rs. 3.0 crore / MW shall be provided for setting up projects based on biomethanation technology for power generation from cattle dung, vegetable market and slaughterhouse wastes generated in the urban areas.
References: http://mnes.nic.in/
http://mnes.nic.in/ui&cgr/energy_recovery_from_urban_waste.htm#Accelerated Programme on Energy Recovery from Urban Wastes
India: Asian Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
APP partners Australia, Canada, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, and the United States have agreed to work together and with private sector partners to meet goals for energy security, national air pollution reduction, and climate change in ways that promote sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. The Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate is an innovative new effort to accelerate the development and deployment of clean energy technologies. The APP has a number of projects in member countries designed to implement or improve new technologies, better policies, and mutual cooperation. In addition to renewable energy, the APP focuses on manufacturing sectors like steel and cement.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Framework Agreement
References: http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/default.htm
India: Auto Fuel Policy
Sets standard for efficient vehicles, cleaner fuels.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In force
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/
India: Coal Transport Policy
Restricts the transportation of unwashed coal to less than 1,000 kilometers.
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India: Demonstration and Promotion of Solar Photovoltaic Devices and Systems in Urban Areas
The scheme provides financial support for installation and demonstration of various solar photovoltaic devices and systems for community application and for organizing seminars, workshops, and training programmes to create awareness about the systems in urban areas.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: An amount of Rs.10.00 crores has been earmarked for demonstration and promotion of solar photovoltaic devices / systems in urban areas.
References: http://www.nri.org/biomass/conferencepapers/policyannex_1.pdf
http://mnes.nic.in/India: Draft Energy Conservation Building Code
The document specifies the energy performance requirements for all commercial buildings that are to be constructed in India. Buildings with electrical connected load of 500 kW or more are covered by the ECBC.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Planned; Mandatory
References: http://www.usaid.gov/in/Pdfs/Energy_Cons_Bldg.pdf
India: ECOMARK Scheme
The Act consolidates the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity and takes measures conducive to development of electricity industry, promoting competition in the industry protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity to all areas, rationalization of electricity tariff, ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies, constitution of Central Electricity Authority, Regulatory Commissions and establishment of Appellate Tribunal.
Date Implemented: 1991
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Application, licensing, renewal and marketing fees are required for participation - payable to the Bureau of Indian Standards
References: ECOMARK Scheme of India
http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/ecomark/ecomark.html
India: Electricity Act
Allows liberty to operate and maintain a generating station without obtaining a license if it complies with the technical standards relating to connectivity with the grid, except for hydro. Creates liberal framework for power development, facilitates private investment. Sets stringent provisions for controlling theft of electricity. Mandates creation of Regulatory Commissions to determine retail tariff.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Target: Uninterrupted and reliable supply of electricity for 24 hours a day for the whole country including rural areas: electrifying all villages by 2007 and all households by 2012. Access has yet to be provided to about 80,000 villages.
References: Electricity Act 2003, Power Ministry, Government of India
http://powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/electricity_act2003/preliminary.htm
India: Energy Conservation Act
The Act provides for the legal framework, institutional arrangement and a regulatory mechanism at the Central and State level to embark upon energy efficiency drive in the country. Measures include: pilot phase of programme for energy efficiency in government buildings and prepare action plan for wider dissemination and implementation, development of energy conservation building codes, beginning a Standards and Labeling Program to identify energy efficient appliances and equipment, assisting 5 electric utilities to set up DSM (demand side management) Cell, formulation of energy efficiency codes and standards, introducing educational programs to increase awareness regarding efficient use of energy resources, and the introduction of the Energy Conservation Awards to nationally recognize efforts to reduce energy consumption. It also mandates the setting up of a Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) that will introduce stringent energy conservation norms for energy generation, supply and consumption. The enforcement of penalties stipulated in the Act have been kept in abeyance for five years during which time people would be made aware of the economics and efficacy of the conservation of energy.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: 10th Plan; Power Ministry
http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/welcome.html, http://powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/energy_conservation_act/introdu...
India: Energy Conservation for Tea Production
The Ministry of Environment and Forests together with the UNDP Global Environment Facility (GEF) is implementing a project to reduce the energy consumption in producing tea. Tea processing is energy intensive, with 30% of total processing costs being spent on energy, typically burning firewood. The project is intended to reduce CO2 emissions by increasing awareness of energy efficiency and renewable technology, eliminating financial barriers inhibiting investment, and facilitating the adoption of renewable technology, best practice, and knowledge sharing.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: In progress
Funding Information: UNDP GEF funding
References: GEF- http://www.thegef.org/default.aspx
http://www.thegef.org/uploadedFiles/India%20-%20Energy%20Conservation%20-Tea%20Processing.pdf
India: Energy Policy
This policy outlines the challenges that India faces as it develops and must generate and provide increasing amounts of energy. Measures include adressing energy security by acquring abundant supplies of coal and gas, and increasing hydro and nuclear power. India seeks to improve energy efficiency by reducing energy intensity across many sectors including mining, electricity distribution, transportation, industry and building construction. The policy also outlines methods to promote renewable energy and increase R&D.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Framework Policy
References: http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_intengy.pdf
India: Ethanol Promotion
India has passed a measure to increase the blend of ethanol in gasoline from 5% to 10% by October 2008. Indian ethanol manufacturers will also begin producing directly from sugarcane instead of from molasses. The government has recommended a standard price of 21.5 rupees per liter.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.livemint.com/2007/08/28235832/10-ethanol-blending-in-fuel-t.h...
India: Fuel switching
Auto LPG is being supplied in the 10 most polluted cities of the country. CNG is being supplied for use as an auto fuel in Delhi and Mumbai and also as a domestic fuel. It will gradually become available in other cities.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
India: Gypcrete Project to replace clay bricks
This project undertaken by the World Bank’s Community Development Carbon Fund aims to construct a manufacturing facility to produce gypcrete building panels. The process of manufacturing gypcrete building panels uses phosphogypsum, a byproduct of fertilizer production and will be less energy intensive than the manufacturing of clay bricks and cement that gypcrete will replace, thus leading to reduced GHG emissions. Gypcrete is a lighter and stronger material than conventional material. It is also more earthquake, corrosion and fire resistant, while manufacturing costs are likely to be cheaper than conventional building materials.
Date Implemented: 2008
Status: Under development
Funding Information: World Bank Community Development Carbon Fund
Targets: This project will lead to emissions reductions of 430,596 tCO2 equivalent over a period of 10 years.
References: http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Projport&ProjID=28171
India: Help for hydro
The Ministry of Power has taken various steps to improve the hydropower development in India, including additional budgetary financial support, R&M and up-rating of existing hydro stations, basin wise hydropower development and comprehensive ranking studies for 399 hydro schemes.
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
India: Hydrocarbon Vision 2025
Focuses on long-term energy security. Aims to assure energy security by achieving self-reliance through increased indigenous production and investment in equity oil abroad. The main thrust of the action agenda would be intensification of exploration efforts and achievement of 100% coverage of unexplored basins in a time bound manner to enhance domestic availability of oil and gas, pursue natural gas projects and facilitate availability of LNG, develop hydrocarbon sector as a globally competitive industry, maintain adequate levels of self sufficiency in refining (90% of consumption of middle distillates), establish adequate strategic storage of crude and petroleum products in different locations. Liberalize hydrocarbon market, create a policy framework for cleaner fuels, have a rational tariff and pricing policy, announce a long-term fiscal policy to attract required investments in hydrocarbon sector.
Date Implemented: 2000
References: Petrodril
http://www.petrodril.com/hydrocarbon.htm
India: Incentives for biogas plants
The government is giving financial incentives to provide fuel and improve sanitation by developing biogas plants. The amount of assistance varies in each region, and also includes subsidies for maintenance, repairs, and linking to plants with sanitary toilets.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force
Funding Information: Funding ranges from 2,100 rupees to 11,700 rupees depending on type of plant, and region.
References: http://www.indg.in/rural-energy/schemes/national-biogas-and-manure-manag...
India: India - Japan Energy Forum
Launched in New Dehli on 6 December 2006, the India - Japan Energy Forum focuses on energy policy, energy supply, and energy conservation in industry in India and Japan. The forum aims to develop cooperation between Indian and Japanese stakeholders by introducing and formally exchanging information on national energy policies and the status of energy-related industries in India and Japan.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Multi-sectoral Framework Policy
References: http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/archives/190330/190330.html
India: India-Brazil-South Africa Declaration on Clean Energy
The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) trilateral development initiative began in 2003 to promote South-South initiatives on development, trade/investment, information exchange and cooperation in areas including agriculture, energy, health, and climate change. The second IBSA summit was held in October 2007. At this summit, the three countries reached agreement to work together in the promotion of nuclear energy, clean energy technologies and other renewable energies and in the endorsement of climate change mitigation. The countries agreed to pool resources to ensure a secure supply of safe, sustainable and non-polluting energy to meet global demand, particularly in developing countries. The declaration indicated that cooperation would include clean coal technologies and renewable energies such as biomass and innovative ways to transfer, develop and commercialise clean energy.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force
References: International Energy Agency http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=3767&action=detail
India: LPG for rural populations
5kg LPG cylinders were introduced at affordable prices for the poorer sections of the populations to reduce reliance on biomass burning.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
India: Mass Rapid Transit System
The Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, in equal partnership, set up a company named Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. under the Companies Act, 1956, to construct a MRTS in Delhi. This Metro system will be integrated with other means of mass transit and will alleviate traffic congestion on national highways, thereby reducing the number of accidents and increasing public safety. It will also reduce harmful emissions and pollution.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information:The completion cost has been estimated as Rs.10, 571 crores or approximately USD $3 billion.
Milestones: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. was given a mandate to construct 65.11 Kms of Metro Rail tracks in Delhi by 2005. As of Dec 2004, the project was 84% complete.
References: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, Ltd.
http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/index.html
India: Motor Spirit-Ethanol Blending Projects
Blending of 5% ethanol in petrol
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: to be raised to 10% later
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
India: National Campaign on Energy Conservation 2007
Campaign is realized through print and electronic media focusing on creation of energy-users awareness on energy savings opportunities, which can significantly reduce the need for additions of new energy supply system in coming years. The campaign includes initiatives that will address the use of energy in industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors, as well as households and educational institutions. The objective of the campaign is to reduce energy cost by reducing demand for electricity, as well as increasing efficiency of electricity generation.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://www.energymanagertraining.com/banner/NCEC2007/EnergisingIndia2007...
India: National Electricity Policy
In 2005 the Government of India put out the National Electricity Policy as required by the Electricity Act of 2003. The National Electricity Policy oulines a plan for rural electrectrification increased generation capacity. The policy states that "maximum emphasis" would be put on the development of hydro power. Use of thermal power could be made cleaner by using low-ash coal, improving lignite mining, and increased use of natural gas and nuclear power. The policy also sets recommendations for improving the power grid with better transmission and distribution of power. It also calls for the use of the most efficient technologies and more funding for R&D. India also seeks to create a more competitive energy sector to increase private sector participation. Finally, the Policy emphasizes the need for conservation and demand-side management including a national awareness campaign.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: Framework Policy
References: http://www.dercind.org/ActsPolicies/ActsPolicesfiles/National%20Electric...
India: National Energy Labelling Programme
In 2006, India pledged to launch a comprehensive energy labeling program for appliances under the framework of the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. The Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency’s long-planned labeling program will first address refrigerators and fluorescent tube lamps. The rating will grade models on their energy efficiency, starting from one star, implying low energy efficiency, to a five star grade for the most energy efficient model. Energy labels are announced to become mandatory for many electricity-consuming appliances in 2007, including pumps, motors, air conditioners and televisions. The BEE plans to coordinate a consumer education campaign to publicize the new labels. In preparation for the label launch, the Indian government has planned countermeasures to false star labels.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Initially Voluntary, mandatory within six months
Funding Information: GEF has approved $5.5 million for India’s Standard and Labelling Program
References: http://www.bee-india.nic.in/NCEC2006/ActionTakenReport2006/00-ATR(1-25).pdf
India: National Environment Appellate Authority Act
An Act to establish a National Environment Appellate Authority to hear appeals regarding restricting certain areas. In these areas industries, operations or processes are banned or are subject to certain safeguards under the Environment (Protection) Act
Date Implemented: 1997
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, Act No. 22 of 1997
India: National Environment Policy
The National Environment Policy aims at archiving: Efficiency Improvement and Conservation of Critical Environmental Resources, Livelihood Security for the Poor, Integration of Environmental Concerns in Economic and Social Development.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Framework policies
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=weo&id=3356
India: National Highway Development Project
This is India’s largest ever highways project and a major initiative for capacity enhancement of national highways, converting roads into around 13,146 Km of 4-6 lane highways. Projected results include uninterrupted traffic flow, savings in fuel consumption, and reduced GHG emissions.
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: Total costs: estimated US$(1999) 13.2 Billion. Funding from Cess on Petroleum and Diesel, outside assistance, market borrowing and private sector participation
Targets: Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) (~5846 km) Connecting Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai - scheduled for substantial completion by 2003; North-South & East-West Corridors (~7 ,300 km) Kashmir to Kanyakumari and Silchar to Porbandar - scheduled for completion by 2007
References: National Highways Authority of India
http://www.nhai.org/index.asp
India: National Hydrogen Energy Road Map
The Road Map identified two major initiatives: Green Initiative for Future Transport (GIFT) and Green Initiative for Power Generation (GIP). The first aims at developing and demonstrating hydrogen powered IC engine and fuel cell based vehicles through different phases of development. The second envisions developing and demonstrating a hydrogen-powered IC engine/turbine and fuel-cell based decentralized power-generating system of about 1000 MW aggregate capacity by 2020
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Government Initiative
References: http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=42200
India: New Technology Group
The Group focuses on the application of renewable energy technologies to mitigate the energy problems of cities, and to provide alternative energy solutions. This is envisaged broadly through the programmes on Solar thermal and photovoltaic devices and systems, energy recovery from urban, industrial and commercial wastes and Biomass energy and co-generation in industry. Revised/new schemes were developed by the Ministry covering the above programmes, and notified in July/August, 2005.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://mnes.nic.in/newtechnology.pdf
India: Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone
Creates the National Coastal Zone Management Authority along with individual State Costal Zone Management Authorities, to take measures for protecting and improving the quality of the coastal environment and preventing, abating and controlling environmental pollution in coastal areas.
Date Implemented: 1991
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: S.O.991(E), [26/11/1998] - Constitution of National Coastal Zone Management Authority
India: Partnership with Australia
As part of the Asia- Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, India and Australia have started a project to identify and address policy barriers that limit investment, development and deployment of clean technologies. The findings of the project will serve to develop practical solutions to addressing clean energy and climate goals by accelerating the development, transfer, and deployment of clean technological solutions between the two Partner countries.
Status: In Force
References: http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/REDGTFProjects.htm
India: Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution
This policy attempts to harmonize economic development and environmental imperatives using a variety of regulatory instruments, fiscal incentives and educational and outreach methods to promote the application of the best technologies to reduce pollution.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution, No. H. 11013(2)/90-cpw, Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests
India: Pre-payment Electricity Metering
The Indian government introduced a pre-payment metering system for all government departments and private sector consumers with single-phase and three-phase electricity load below 45kW, to discourage power usage and ensure payment of bills.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: In Force
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=cc&id=3607&action=detail
India: Programme on Biomass Energy and Co-generation (non-bagasse) in Industry during 2005-06
The scheme provides for Central Financial Assistance for setting up of biomass co-generation (non-bagasse) and biomass gasifier projects for generation of thermal and electrical energy in industries and incentives to State Nodal Agencies and Financial Institutions. The scheme also provides for Grants-in-Aid to State Nodal Agencies, NGOs and other concerned institutions for promotional activities i.e. for organizing seminars, workshops, training / orientation programmes, technology validation, strategic studies, industry-wise sectoral studies and performance monitoring & evaluation, etc. and promotional incentives for co-generation projects based on conventional fuels and rejects
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://mnes.nic.in/
http://mnes.nic.in/ui&cgr/biomass_energy_and_co.htm
Inida: Programme on “Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems” during 2005-06 (and continued during the year 2006-07)
The objective of the programme is to develop technology and promote applications of water pumping windmills and aerogenerators/wind-solar hybrid systems and undertaking research & development for improvement of designs and efficiency of these systems. Presently, the programme is being implemented mainly in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan & Tamil Nadu owing to the felt need for water pumping and small power generation. The programme is, however, being extended to other potential states also.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Budget Estimate: Rs. 2.00 crores.
Targets: Targets for the year 2005-06: Water pumping windmills – 100 nos.; Aerogenerator/wind-solar hybrid systems - 150 kW
References: http://mnes.nic.in/annualreport/2005_2006_English/CH8/3.html
India: Research, Design and Development of Solar Thermal Technologies
The Programme includes RD&D projects, Test Centres for solar thermal devices/systems, and other activities related to resource assessment, capacity building through seminars, symposia and round-tables, etc.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://mnes.nic.in/pdf/aa-stt-2006-07.pdf
India: Rural Electricity Supply Technology (REST) Mission
Providing affordable and reliable power supply to rural and remote areas through decentralized distributed generation based on renewable energy resources such as solar, mini-and micro-hydro, biomass, etc.
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Targets: "Power for all villages by 2007" and " Power for all" by 2012
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; Ministry of Power
http://powermin.nic.in/index.htm
India: Scheme for Promotion of Grid Interactive Power Generation Projects based on Renewable Energy Sources for 2006-07
The scheme provides subsidy to set up grid-interactive power generating projects based on Small Hydro; Biomass; Wind Power (only demonstration projects).
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://mnes.nic.in/
India: Subsidies for Solar Power
India will subsidize solar power plants to the amount of 12 rupees (30 cents) per kilowatt hour. This plan will last for five years, and is expected to generate 10 billion rupees ($253.7 million) in private investment.
Date Implemented: 2008
Status: In Force
References: http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSDEL14687020080103
India: The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
The Central Board sets national ambient air standards, enforces auto emissions standards, and the Central Board and state board are empowered to enforce them.
Date Implemented: 1981; 1988
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: India’s Pollution Regulatory Structure and Background, The World Bank Group, http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/india/india-back.htm
India: The Environment (Protection) Act
This policy lays out the legal framework for standards and regulations controlling and preventing environmental pollution.
Date Implemented: 1986
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.msi-network.com/content/doing_business_in_india_environment.a..., http://www.geocities.com/india_pil/acts/environm.htm
India: The Forest (Conservation) Act
Provided the Central and state boards with the authority to levy and collect a tax on industries using water. The tax is calculated on the basis of how much water consumed. 2003 Amendment: tax between 5 and 30 paise per kiloliter of water consumed (depending on purpose for which the water is consumed) and the Central Gov’t may exempt industries as it chooses.
Date Implemented: 1980; 1988
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988, Ministry of Environment and Forests
India: The Motor Vehicle Act
This Act reevaluates and updates provisions of the previous act, which dated back to 1939. It sets rules, standards and procedures concerning the regulation of automotive vehicles and their use. Most relevant: setting auto emissions standards
Date Implemented: 1939; 1988
Status: In Force
References: Motor Vehicles Act 1988, Department of Road Transportation and Highway, Government of India
http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/MotorVehiclesAct/Motor-Vehicles-Act.htm
India: The National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development
Provides the basis for the integration of environmental considerations in the policies of various sectors. Outlines government’s goals and projects for achieving sustainable lifestyles and the proper management and conservation of resources.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Target: at least 1/3 of land area under forest cover;
References: National Communication to UNFCCC; The National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development, Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest; http://unfccc.int/files/parties_and_observers/parties/application/pdf/in... http://www.whoindia.org/EIP/Policy/Envir-Develop-Policy.pdf
India: The National Environment Tribunal Act
This policy establishes the National Environment Tribunal to rule in cases where damages have been accidentally inflicted on an individual, on private property or on the environment and compensation is sought.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995, Act No. 27 of 1995
India: The Ninth Plan
The Energy section of Gov’t of India’s 9th 5-year plan includes accelerated exploration for and production of hydrocarbons, equity oil abroad, efforts at managing energy demand through rational energy pricing, introduction of reforms through restructuring/deregulation of the energy sector to promote growth through increased efficiency and competitiveness, and the exploration of cleaner, alternative fuels.
Date Implemented: 1997-2002
Status: Ended
References: http://planningcommission.nic.in/
India: The Tenth Plan
The Energy section of Gov’t of India’s 10th 5-year plan includes increasing the production of coal and electricity, accelerated exploration for hydrocarbons, and alternative fuels such as CBM, equity oil abroad, introduction of reforms through restructuring/deregulation of the energy sector to promote growth through increased efficiency and competitiveness, demand management through the introduction of energy efficient technologies/processes and appliances with product quality requirements and standards and emissions norms on par with international standards.
Date Implemented: 2002-2007
Status: In Force
Targets: 8% GDP growth rate (become an economic superpower) Developmental Targets: 1. increase in forest and tree cover to 25% by 2007 and 33% by 2012 (from 23% in 2003) 2. sustained access to potable drinking water to all villages by 2007 3. electrify 62,000 villages by 2007 through conventional grid expansion, the remaining 18,000 by 2012 through decentralized non-conventional sources like solar, wind, small hydro and biomass 4. cleaning of all major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012 5. expeditious reformulation of the fiscal management system to make it more appropriate of for the changed context.
References: The Tenth Plan http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/welcome.html
India: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
This policy sets the standards and penalties for noncompliance for polluting. It establishes both a Central Pollution Control Board, and State Pollution Control Boards to monitor and enforce the regulations.
Date Implemented: 1974, 1988
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information:The primary source of funding for the state boards comes from the Central Board and state government. This has become a source of controversy because the state boards were at the mercy of local political forces and circumstances, usually out of their control, which withheld or prevented adequate funding.
References: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, India Export/Import Portal, http://exim.indiamart.com/ssi-regulations/air-water-pollution-act.html
"India’s Pollution Regulatory Structure and Background," The World Bank Group, http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/india/india-back.htm
India: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act
Provided the Central and state boards with the authority to levy and collect a tax on industries using water. The tax is calculated on the basis of how much water consumed. 2003 Amendment: tax between 5 and 30 paise per kiloliter of water consumed (depending on purpose for which the water is consumed) and the Central Gov’t may exempt industries as it chooses.
Date Implemented: 1977
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: India’s Pollution Regulatory Structure and Background, The World Bank Group, http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/india/india-back.htm; Cess Act and 2003 Amendment, http://envfor.nic.in/legis/legis.html
India: Water Pumping Improvements
The World Bank’s Community Development Carbon Fund is sponsoring a project in Karnataka State to improve efficiency and reduce pressure on water resources. Electricity makes up 40-60% of water supply costs. Thirty to forty percent of water is lost through leakage and unaccounted use during distribution.
Energy and water saving measures to reduce this burden are available to municipalities in Karnataka, but they have not been implemented because of market barriers and other factors. The savings resulting from these improvements can be used by the water utilities to expand and improve service while minimizing the impact on the electricity grids and fragile water sources. Any energy savings or release of grid capacity can be used by the power utility to improve electricity service.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force
Funding Information: World Bank’s Community Development Carbon Fund
References: http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Projport&ProjID=9591