Policies in Turkey:
Turkey: 8th Five-year Development Plan
Since 1991, Turkey’s development plans have included environmental strategies. This development plan aims to enhance technology, emphasizing R&D and meeting environmental norms. It also states that “necessary measures shall be taken for a reliable and sustainable meeting of the energy demand at a low cost,” making energy a priority for public funds. Industries are encouraged to use environmentally friendly procedures, technologies and materials. R&D for clean energy sources will be supported and Industrial Parks will be established.
Date Implemented: 2000-2005
Status: Framework Policy
Funding Information:
Targets: Turkey plans to add 2000MW of wind generated power by 2005
References: UNDP, Energy and Environment, Pew, http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/dev%5Fmitigation%2Epdf http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/plan/viii/plan8i.pdf
Turkey: 9th Development Plan 2007/2013
According to the Plan, nuclear energy will be included in electricity production resources; alternative energy resources such as hydrogen and borax will be supported; electricity demand will increase from 171,450 GWh to 295,500 GWh; and natural gas consumption will increase from 28 percent to 34 percent. The use of oil products in energy production will reduce from 37 percent to 31 percent; electricity demand will increase 8.1 percent; privatization efforts in energy production and distribution will be completed; and the use of new and renewable energy resources will be increased.
Date Implemented: in preparation
Status: Framework Policy
References: http://www.cevreorman.gov.tr/belgeler4/iklimbildirimi.pdf
Turkey: Agricultural Strategy Paper 2006-2010
To promote environmental sound agricultural production and to improve production efficiency, food safety, environment, rural development.
Date Implemented: 2006-2010
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.cevreorman.gov.tr/belgeler4/iklimbildirimi.pdf
Turkey: Air Quality Protection Regulation
These regulations aim to reduce the emissions of soot, smoke, dust, gases, steam and aerosol. It limits the concentrations of pollutants in the flue gas. Power plants are required to take measure to reduce sulfur oxide concentration in flue gases limiting them to 1000 mg/Nm3, the limit is set by the related regulation for all lignite fired power plants. Facilities that have been listed as unhealthy or harmful now require that permission to operate be granted by the Emission License System.
Date Implemented: 1986
Status: Mandatory
Turkey: Appliance labeling
The Ministry of Industry and Trade requires energy labeling of refrigerators, washing machines, dryers, dishwashers and lamps.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: IEA
Turkey: Automobile Standards
The Ministry of Environment and automobile manufacturers reached an agreement on environmental performance standards in new cars. Starting in 2000, all imported and locally produced new automobiles are to be equipped with catalytic converters.
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Turkey: Control of Air Pollution arising from heating
The By-law prohibits the use of fuel oils with sulphur content more than
1.00% by mass if imported or with sulphur content more than 1.50% by mass if national product until 1.1.2007.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Turkey: Control of Air Pollution Arising from Motor Vehicles
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.cevreorman.gov.tr/belgeler4/iklimbildirimi.pdf
Turkey: Control of Air Pollution from Industrial Plants
By-law on Industrial Air Pollution Control includes control of VOCs in a
wide extent, via permitting mechanism and ELVs. In Article 43.21, activity-specific ELV’s, operational requirements to be fulfilled by the operators, other conditions and precautions are defined. In Article 39, VOCs are handled in three groups, ELVs varying with the group of substances according to their potential impacts on environment.rticle 39 describes limit values in case certain substances such as toxic, carcinogenic or persistent pollutants are involved or emitted in the process.
Date Implemented: 2004, revised 2006
Status: In Force
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Turkey: Draft bill encouraging renewables
Turkey has a great deal of potential in renewable energy. Further development, financing and market reforms are needed to allow the technologies to be competitive.
Targets: Turkey aims to provide 2% of its electricity from wind power
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: Turkey, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/turkey.html
EIA Turkey’s Environmental Issues
Turkey: Draft By-law on Air Quality Assessment and Management
It covers four daughter directive By-laws aimed at strengthening monitoring, sanctioning and institutionalisation in the area of controlling pollution and air quality. It sets the implementation calendar for implementation and harmonisation for 13 pollutants that are defined under the framework directive and in the related directives.
Status: Mandatory
References: http://www.cevreorman.gov.tr/belgeler4/iklimbildirimi.pdf
Turkey: Draft Energy Efficiency Law
Following an initial Draft Energy Efficiency Law in 2004, Turkish legislation transposed the EU acquis regarding energy efficiency of household appliances, commercial and other end-use equipment. Parliament received the final draft law in October 2006. The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR)/General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration(EPRSDA) is now formulating the law’s implementation. Aiming to sustainably-develop the Turkish economy while mitigating greenhouse emissions, the draft Energy Efficiency law sets forth measures for energy efficiency in industry, power genetration, transmission and distribution systems, buildings, and transport. The draft law outlines several energy efficiency measures:
- increasing energy efficiency awareness
- establishing administrative structure for efficiency policy
- promoting energy services to consumers
- energy audits to improve efficiency across market sectors
- voluntary agreements with industry involving concrete production efficiency targets
Date: 2005
Status: Planned; Multi-sectoral Framework Policy
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, International Energy Agency
Turkey: Draft Energy Efficiency Law for Buildings
To harmonise its national Building Code with the EU’s 2003 Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings 2002/91/EC (EPBD), the Turkish government submitted an Energy Efficiency Law to the Prime Minister in December 2005. Due to be enacted in late 2006, the Energy Efficiency Law requires the amendment of TS 825, a November 1995 regulation of heat insulation standards, in line with EPBD requirements. As mandated by the Turkish National Energy Conservation Center, "the adaptation and/or effective implementation of all related Turkish regulations in compliance with this directive [2002/91/EC] should be assigned due consideration in the Energy Efficiency Strategy for Turkey."
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: International Energy Agency
Turkey: Draft Law on Geothermal Resources and Spring Water
Since the draft Law has not been enacted yet, the positive results or the accepted clear benefits could not been gathered yet. The contribution of geothermal to TPES was 0.86 Mtoe in 2003, including 89 GWh of electricity generation. Turkey has significant potential for geothermal power production equivalent to the one-eighth of the world’s total geothermal potential. However, much of this potential which is estimated as 31.5 GWth - is of relatively low enthalpy making it unsuitable for electricity generation but can still be used for direct heating applications. By the end of 2003, Turkey’s total direct geothermal heating capacity was 1077 MWth, of which about 461 MWth provided heat for 71 000 residences, 131 MWth for 63.5 hectares of greenhouses, and 327 MWth was used to provide hot water to about 200 spas. The government estimates that 500 000 residences could be heated by geothermal power by 2010, representing heat use of about 3 500 MWth.
References: http://webapps01.un.org/dsd/caseStudy/public/displayDetailsAction.do;jse...
Turkey: Regulation on increasing of efficiency in the energy consumption of industrial establishment
These regulations are aimed at increasing energy efficiency in the Turkish industrial sector, requiring establishments with annual consumption above 84 terajoules to take measures to streamline and reduce consumption, including establishing an internal energy management system, conducting energy audits, and appointing an energy manager.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: Mandatory
References: World Energy Council,
http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/dev%5Fmitigation%2Epdf
Turkey: Electricity Market Law (Law Number 4628)
This legislation generated two policies related to renewables: First, renewable energy facilities are only required to pay 1% of the total license fee or the license for construction, and they are exempt from license fees for the first eight years following the completion date. Second, the Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TEIAS) and distribution companies are required to give priority status for renewables facilities’ systems connection.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force
References: www.seenergy.org/download.php?FNAME=1083817728.upl&ANAME=electricitymark...
Turkey: Electricity Sector Reform Strategy
This policy undertakes the liberalization/privatization of the energy market in order to increase economic efficiency of production and delivery and increase the quality and reliability of the product. Liberalization will implement cost-reflective prices.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://www.oib.gov.tr/program/2004program/2004electricitystrategypaper.htm
Turkey: Encouraging geothermal power
The Ministry of Environment offers favorable loans for geothermal power plants and other renewable energy projects.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: World Bank
References: EIA Turkey’s Environmental Issues,
http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr124320e.html
Turkey: Energy Efficiency Law
Aiming to sustainably-develop the Turkish economy while mitigating
greenhouse emissions, the draft Energy Efficiency law sets forth
measures for energy efficiency in industry, power genetration,
transmission and distribution systems, buildings, and transport.
The draft law outlines several energy efficiency measures:
- increasing energy efficiency awareness
- establishing administrative structure for efficiency policy
- promoting energy services to consumers
- energy audits to improve efficiency across market sectors
- voluntary agreements with industry involving concrete production efficiency targets
- obliging oil distributors to blend fuels to 2% biofuel
Date Implemented:2007
Status: In Force, Framework policy
References http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=cc&id=2457&action=detail
Turkey: Energy-Environment in Turkey
Studies for the project on “Energy-Environment in Turkey” with the WB began in 2000. These studies were to analyze alternative scenarios for reducing GHG emissions. CO2 emissions for a base case scenario were estimated, and various alternatives were explored, including increasing energy efficiency, improving technologies, inter-fuel substitution, reducing transmission and distribution losses, and improving fuel quality.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: Framework Policy/ Strategic Planning
Funding Information: Joint project with the World Bank
Milestones: Project completed in 2003
References: IEA
Turkey: Environmental Law
This law outlines Turkey’s environmental policy in general terms. It aims to protect the environment and Turkey’s natural resources for the benefit of future generations. It includes the polluter pays principle. Regulations have been issued on air quality protection, water pollution control, environmental impact assessment, hazardous waste control, noise control, and the control of hazardous materials.
Date Implemented: 1983
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: World Energy Council
Turkey: Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation (EIAR)
Part of the Environmental Law of ‘83, this legislation outlines the administrative and technical principles surrounding an environmental impact assessment that will be undertaken to identify and to evaluate all possible impacts any public or private project may have on the environment and to prevent any damages these projects may cause.
Date Implemented: 1983
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: World Energy Council
Turkey: Flue gas desulphurization (FGD) units
The government requires flue gas desulphurization (FGD) units on all new coal power plants.
Status: Mandatory
References: EIA Turkey’s Environmental Issues,
http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/nationalenergygrid/turkey/EnergyOverviewofTurkey.shtml
Turkey: Fuel Cell Technology in motor vehicles
Date Implemented: 2002-2006
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.cevreorman.gov.tr/belgeler4/iklimbildirimi.pdf
Turkey: Gas Tax
The Turkish government raised taxes on unleaded gasoline, diesel, and natural gas to increase revenues as the IMF had recommended.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: Turkey, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/turkey.html
Turkey: Heat Insulation Standards
Energy efficiency standards for buildings: In the residential/commercial sector, more than 80% of the energy consumed is used for heating. While older buildings require 200-250 kWh/m2, the new standards should bring heating energy requirements down to 100-150 kWh/m2.
Date Implemented: issued 1999; effective June 2000
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: Government budget allocated to EIE/NECC and international projects budget
References: IEA
Turkey: Hydrogen Bus Pilot Project
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Turkey: Implementing Regulation on the Control and Management of End-of-life vehicles
Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of life vehicles - Commission Statements
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Turkey: Labelling fuel economy and Co2 emissions of new passenger cars- Directive 1999/94/EC
Date Implemented: 2007-2008
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.cevreorman.gov.tr/belgeler4/iklimbildirimi.pdf
Turkey: Large combustion Plants Directive (LCP-2001/80/EC)
To control pollution from Large Combustion Plants, transpose Large Combustion Plants Directive (LCP-2001/80/EC) prepare action plan/road map for implementation of a policy.
Status: Under Preparation
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Turkey: Law on Geo-Thermal Energy Resources
Concerning the exploration and development of geothermal resources and the efficient use of resources.
References: http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/plan/viii/plan8i.pdf
Turkey: New regulations regarding the quality of fuels used for heating and transportation
As of 1.1.2007 TS EN 590 will be binding technical regulation without any exemption.
Analytical methods stipulated by TS EN 590 is binding for diesels.
Only 2 types of diesel may be delivered by distributors,
1) ‘Diesel’, containing max. 50 mg/kg sulphur
2) ‘Off-Road Diesel’ containing min. 51, max. 1000 mg/kg sulphur (2000 mg/kg until 1.1.2008).
xemptions to be applied until 1.1.2007;
(a) Diesel 50 containing max. 50 mg/kg sulphur,
(b) Diesel 500 containing min. 51 max. 500 mg/kg sulphur,
(c) Diesel 2000 containing min. 501, max. 2000 mg/kg sulphur and
(d) Diesel 7000 containing min. 2001, max. 7000 mg/kg sulphur
may be marketed by distributors.
For all diesel types some technical specifications, such as density, distillation and setan number will be applied differently until 1.1.2007.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information:
Milestones:
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Turkey: Petroleum Market Law
This policy removes state controls on the petroleum sector, liberalizing pricing of oil and oil products, ending restrictions on vertical integration, and integrating pipeline, refining, and distribution functions. It also aims to privatize state run refineries and product retailers. Also, in 2005, price ceilings and import quotas on petroleum products were removed. Removing the "disincentive" for energy consumption by reforming the price of electricity should increase efficient energy usage, as consumer are forced to pay more for electricity. Furthermore, pricing conventional electricity sources at market levels would allow renewable technologies to be more market competitive. Since 2001, Turkey has introduced new laws to liberalize energy markets, including the 2001 Electricity and Natural Gas Market Laws, and has established an independent regulator (EMRA).
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: Turkey, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/turkey.html
Turkey: Street lighting & government buildings
Power saving measures are imposed on government buildings and street lighting is reduced.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: Mandatory
References: IEA
Turkey: Transportation Master Plan
The principles of the transportation strategy for Turkey are: To create justice between transport modes on facts like public service responsibilities, taxes, tariff applications etc. Internalization of external costs. Coordination of different transport modes. Promotion of public transport. Development of transportation system according to plans, which are updated within a three-year period and which are flexible and dynamic. Creation and updating of a database for the plans and other decisions. Resolution of financing problems in investment decision
The policies of transportation plan strategy for Turkey are: Primarily, effective use of present transportation network and facilities and extension of the network with new investments 484 M. Akad et al. Making arrangements for financing of investments. Use of transportation revenues only for transport investments. Development of transport-related industries. Opening more international transit corridors over Turkey. Better management and organization within transport institutions. Replacement of current regulations that are present separately for each transport mode, with an integrated regulatory system that will be in harmony with international regulations. Training of qualified staff on transportation. Monitoring of the developments in logistics and evaluation of cooperation possibilities
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Turkey: Law on Utilization of Renewable Energy Resources for the Purpose of Generating Electrical Energy - No. 5346
The purpose of this law is to expand the utilization of renewable energy resources for generating electrical energy, to benefit from these resources in a secure, economic and qualified manner, to increase the diversification of energy resources, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to assess waste products, to protect the environment and to develop the related manufacturing sector realize these objectives.
The electrical energy generated from the renewable energy resources in the scope of this law shall be purchased by the legal entities holding retail sale license on the basis of bilateral agreements. Within the framework of prepared projection by the Ministry, the relevant information on amount of RES certified electrical energy, which shall utilize the implementations in the scope of this law, shall be issued by EMRA annually. Each legal entity holding a retail sale license shall be entitled to purchase RES certified electrical energy in an amount declared by EMRA considering the proportion of the energy he has sold within the previous calendar year to the total electrical energy amount which all legal entities holding retail sale licenses offered for sale in Turkey. In case the total electrical energy amount with RES certificate is sufficient, the legal entities holding retail sale licenses shall be entitled to purchase RES certified electrical energy not lower than eight per cent of the electrical energy they have sold in the previous calendar year. Until the end of 2011, the applicable price for the electrical energy to be purchased in pursuance with this law within each calendar year shall be the Turkish average wholesale electricity price in the previous year determined by EMRA. The Council of Ministers is entitled to raise this price up to 20 % at the beginning of each year.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: International Energy Agency