Welcome to the WRI’s database of SD-PAMs. This tool brings together policies and measures in 18 developing countries that have an impact on climate change. This is a beta version, and all feedback on both the user-friendliness of the database and the accuracy of its contents are very welcome.
You can look at all of the policies in one country simply by clicking on it, or you can examine certain types of policies across all countries by using the Tags menu on the right.
Policies in Argentina:
Argentina: Biofuels Act 26,093
The Act mandates the use of at least a 5% bio-ethanol or bio-diesel mix in the gasoline and diesel distributed in Argentina. In addition, the above act establishes the mandatory use of biofuels in a percentage to be determined by governmental entities and anticipates an increase in the above mentioned 5% rate in the future. Accordingly, the Biofuels Act has secured a market for the domestic supply of grain-based fuels. Mandatory fuel mixture shall only come in force in 2010.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.mna.com.ar/publicaciones/02_energia/MNAEnergy&MiningBulletinS...
Argentina: Conservation and Efficiency
The country has a relatively strong energy conservation and efficiency program focusing on cogeneration of heat and power, energy appliance labeling, and efficient lighting.
References: http://www.pewclimate.org/global-warming-in-depth/allreports/argentina/polargentina_execsu.cfm
Argentina: Convocatoria presentación de ideas de proyectos MDL - 2007
La Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable dependiente de la Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros de la Nación, en el marco de las actividades llevadas a cabo por el Fondo Argentino de Carbono en el mes de abril de 2007, convoca a la presentación de ideas de proyecto en los sectores de: generación de energía renovable; recuperación de gases a partir de tratamiento de efluentes y residuos animales; industria siderúrgica; y forestación, que puedan ser enmarcados dentro del Mecanismo para un Desarrollo Limpio (MDL), establecido en el artículo 12 del Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). Objetivos de la convocatoria:
Identificar / seleccionar proyectos entre los campos mencionados anteriormente para brindar asistencia en desarrollo del Documento de Diseño de Proyecto (PDD) de forma tal que pueda alcanzar su registro ante las autoridades internacionales correspondientes.
Date Implemented: Starting: March 25 2007 Ending: April 27 2007.
Status: Voluntary
References: http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/
Argentina: Efficient Lighting Initiative
Promotes the sale of efficient lamps to residential users around the country.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: IFC-GEF project
References: World Bank, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/05/17...
Argentina: Energy Efficiency Project
The Project’s main activities are:
To promote EE investments and practices by end-users by supporting further market penetration of energy efficient equipment and services, including ESCOs;
To facilitate EE and demand-side management (DSM) investments by electric power distribution companies;
To provide technical assistance for Project promotion, monitoring and management. Implementing Agency: World Bank
Date Implemented: 2006-2012
Status: Planned; Voluntary
Funding Information: The estimated total cost of the EE Project is US$40.3 million. The Project will be financed by a GEF grant, bilateral donors, the Argentine Government, energy companies, commercial financing sources, and other stakeholder and participants.
Budget:
GEF Grant: US$ 15,500,000
Co-financing: US$ 82,613,000
Total Budget:US$ 98,113,000
References: http://esa.un.org/un-energy/mapping/WB.EFF/21_Argentina%20Energy%20Effic...
Argentina: International Action Programme (IAP), Promotion of Renewable Energies in Argentina with the Aim of Achieving 8% of Power Consumption from Renewable Energies
Small-scale use of HEP; development of small-scale hydroelectric installations in Gobernador Gregores (Sta. Cruz Province); modernisation of small water power facilities and construction of new power stations over existing engineering works
Pilot fuel cell project; fuel cell application in context of renewable energies
Rural electrification based on renewable energies
PERMER Project (Renewable Energies in Rural Markets)
Date Implemented: Preparatory Phase
Status: Planned, Government Initiative
Funding Information: Funding is secured through the Government of Argentina
Targets: A: Promotion of Wind and Solar Energy Act (25019)
B: Development of a regulatory framework for renewable energies in Argentina (8% of power consumption from renewable energies) based on a National Congress Act on the promotion of Renewable Energies for all sources C: Flagship Programme for the Development of Renewable Energies
References:
http://ren21.net/pdf/InternationalActionProgramme.pdf
Argentina: Landfill Gas Capture Projects
The main objective of the project activity is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the sanitary landfills of the cities of Salta and Olavarria. The projects will generate revenues through the selling of certified emission reductions in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Revenue will be administered by the respective Municipalities to improve landfill operation and overall waste management for the cities, as well as toward the community benefits plan.
Date Implemented: implementation to begin 2008
Status: in progress
Funding Information: World Bank Carbon Financing Unit
Targets: The project in Salta will displace 210,900 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) into the atmosphere over 21 years, starting in 2008.
References: http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Projport&ProjID=33518
http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Projport&ProjID=9595
Argentina: Law to promote hydrogen as a fuel
The Argentine National Congress approved a law to promote the development and use of hydrogen as a fuel. Under the new law, the development of technology, production, use and applications of hydrogen as fuel have been declared of general interest and research and development of this field shall be fostered by the government. The law gives considerable tax benefits for fifteen (15) years to promote the production, use and applications of hydrogen, such as: a) early refund of value added tax when buying, manufacturing, elaborating or importing capital goods; b) accelerated amortization for income tax purposes; c) exemption from minimum presumptive income tax; d) exemption from liquid and natural gas special tax
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.mna.com.ar/publicaciones/02_energia/MNAEnergy&MiningBulletinS...
Argentina: Ley Nacional 20.284 Contaminación Atmosférica
The government established the framework for for researching and implementing methods of prevention and control of atmospheric contamination.
Date Implemented: 1973
Status: Voluntary
References: http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/
Argentina: Ley Nacional 25.675 Ley General del Ambiente
The General Environmental Law lays out the organizing principles and the basic framework of Argentina’s environmental policy. The instruments of the policy include the evaluation of environmental impact, a system of control of the development of human activities, environmental education and information dissemination, and promoting sustainable development. It calls for ‘the competent authorities’ to take measures to protect the environment, to implement voluntary restrictions and also incentives and measures to promote environmental management. The precautionary principle is one of the organizing principles behind Argentina’s General Environmental Law.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force
References: http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/
Argentina: Ley nacional de la actividad nuclear
This policy describes the regulatory framework for the investigation and development of Argentina’s nuclear program.
Date Implemented: 1997
Status: In Force
References: http://www.farn.org.ar/bd/ecolegis/tc/2822.html
Argentina: National emissions target
The emission target shall be expressed as E = I *?P., where emissions (E) are measured in tons of carbon equivalent and GDP (P) in 1993 Argentine pesos at market prices. The value chosen for the index I (151.5) is aimed at ensuring an effective GHG emission reduction for Argentina, in a wide range of scenarios, which includes the most likely macro-economic and Agriculture and Livestock Production baseline scenarios.
Status: Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.whrc.org/policy/climate_change/ActionPDF/WHRC7-Argentina.pdf
Argentina: Programa Nacional de Energias y Combustibles Alternativos y Sustentables
To help financing for the development of alternative and sustainable fuels.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.farn.org.ar/bd/ecolegis/tc/2822.html
Argentina: Proyecto de Energia Renovable en el Mercado Electrico Rural (PERMER)
Off-grid electricity concessions. In an effort to compensate for
the off-grid electricity that was not generated by the PAEPRA program
(now expired), the PERMER program was put in place as a component of
the PAEPRA in eight provinces. The PERMER program aims to provide
electricity to 70,000 households and 1,100 public services.
A concessionaire approach is used where a concessionaire obtains the
monopoly of a given province in turn for the obligation to connect the
service when requested by the customers and to maintain its continuity
over the duration of the concession. The concessionaire is chosen via a
competitive bidding process.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: Ended
Funding Information: $120 million projected
References: International Energy Agency: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=1440&action=detail
Argentina: Reducing emissions
Argentina announced a voluntary effort to restrict greenhouse gas emissions within a range of 2 to 10 percent below the projected baseline level during 2008-2012 based on three different GDP growth scenarios. Argentina stated that this target would become an international obligation when the Kyoto Protocol entered into force and when new alternatives were produced to allow non-Annex I countries that adopt voluntary goals to participate in the mechanisms established by the protocol.
Date Implemented: 1999
References: Communication to the UNFCCC http://www.whrc.org/policy/climate_change/ActionPDF/WHRC7-Argentina.pdf
Argentina: Renewable Energies in the Rural Market (PERMER)
The PERMER (Proyecto de Energía Renovable en el Mercado Eléctrico Rural) is to supply modern energy based on renewable sources to dispersed rural populations. PERMER aims at providing electricity for lighting and social communication (radio and TV) to about 70,000 rural households and 1,100 provincial public service institutions through eight private concessionaires using mainly renewable energy systems.
Status: In Force
Funding Information: The estimated total costs of PERMER are US$120.5 million which will be financed by the Bank (US$30 million loan), the GEF (US$10 million grant), the Electricity Investment Development Fund FEDEI (US$26.5 million subsidy to customers), the concessionaires (US$44 million) and the customers (US$10 million), over an implementation period of six years (GEF, 1998a).
References: World Bank,
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/05/17...
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/external/lac/lac.nsf/265a7fff47916d7d85256...
Argentina: Renewable Energy Law
The Argentine statute outlines which sources of renewable energy will qualify for state support, provides tax breaks for renewable energy equipment and offers tariffs for certain renewable resources. It includes promotion of wind, solar, and small hydro power, a fuel cell project, and rural electrification.
The project is designed to:
-identify policies for removing obstacles to renewables development;
-provide better information on natural resources and projects, especially initiatives on biomass residues; and
-adapt the present legal framework to foster the introduction of distributed generation.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: In Force
Target: 8% of electricity from renewables over the next 10 years.
Funding Information: government of Argentina, also partnership with Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP)
References: REEEP: http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=17&content=2663
http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=18
Argentina: Resolución 113/2001 Energía Eléctrica
This policy grants a tax deferment to power stations that use Solar or Wind generation for capacity installation or expansion.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.farn.org.ar/bd/ecolegis/tc/2822.html
Argentina: Resolución 1237/02 Apruébanse los procedimientos de ensayo y límites máximos para los distintos contaminantes, en relación con la aprobación de emisiones gaseosas y sus extensiones, para motores del ciclo Otto, alimentados a GNC que equipen vehículos pesados.
The government set emissions limits for CNG fed motors for heavy vehicles in accordance with European Standards. It also set up the procedural framework for testing and certification.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/
Argentina: Resolución 708/96 Normas de medición de concentración de gases y material particulado emitidos por chimenea.
Argentina adpoted international norms and standards for measuring gas concentrations and particulate matter emitted by chimneys. The policy does not appear to involve any regulatory instruments.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: In Force
References: www2.medioambiente.gov.ar/mlegal/aire/res708_96.htm
Policies in Brazil:
Brazil: Administrative Directive no 227
Electrobras should hold a public call for proposals to identify the surplus energy available from cogeneration (to bring it to market) and should establish mechanisms for purchase of surplus electricity.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Biodiesel Program
Drawing on the exerience gained with the Proalcool program, Brazil has instituted a biofuels program as well. This program promotes the manufacture of biodiesel, a biodegradable fuel derived from animal fats and vegitable oils, to be a total or partial substitute for petroleum diesel in standard diesel engines for vehicles or for motors for power or heat generation. A 2% biodiesel blend can be used without the need for any alteration and still maintaining the validity of the factory warranty. The regulatory flexability of the program allows participation by large argobusiness corporations as well as small family farms and businesses. The government is supporting this "Social Fuel" through a differentiated tax regime - in order to qualify for the tax credit, an industrial producer must recieve the seal of "Social Fuel" by purchacing feedstock from family farms and entering an agreement with them establishing income levels, and guaranteeing technical assistance and training.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: In 2004-2005, Brazil’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT) was allocated a budget of US$5.7 million to invest in research on biodiesel and industrial processes. The National Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES) is supporting the program - offering, for example, a 25% extension of the total loan payoff period for the purchase of machinery that uses at least 20% biodiesel fuel.
References: "Biodiesel: the New Fuel from Brazil", Brazilian government; Brazzil Magazine
Brazil: Efficiency in Energy Use Program (CONSERVE)
A program designed to provide low-interest loans to industrial firms for investments in oil conservation and/or substitution. Financed projects for rationalization of energy use in industries, mobilizing a broad government effort.
Date Implemented:1981
Status: Voluntary
Funding Information: Administered by the National Economic and Social Development Bank (BMDES)
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC;
IRDC’s project description, Industrial Energy Conservation in Brazil – The case of CONSERVE, http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-69633-201850342-1-IDRCADM_INFO.html
Brazil: Electric Sector Model- Law 10.848/2004
Motivated by the necessity to adapt the sector to the post-deregulation environment, the National Congress approved a new financial and regulatory model for the electric sector involving operations, bidding on and trading electric energy. Also creates new governmental agencies, such as the Energy Research Company (EPE), Electric System Monitoring Committee (CMSE), and the Electric Power Chamber of Commerce (CCEE).
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force;
References: http://www.gruporede.com.br/arquivos/english/theeletricsectorinbrazil.pdf
Brazil: Electrical Sector Act 10.438/2002
Important legislation for the diversification of the national energy portfolio. Insures universal access to electric power until 2015. Extends RGR (Global Reservation Reserve) until 2010; Guarantees power sale contracts to the first 3300 MW of projects which use renewable technologies (wind, biomass and small hydro). Under the program, Electrobrás buys electricity produced from the various renewable resources under contracts of up to 15 years. Also establishes the Energy Development Account (CDE) primarily to promote universal access to electricity.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Country Analysis Briefs: Brazil Expanded Environment Section; Ministerio de Minas e Energia de Brasil, PROFINA
http://www.ises.org/cdm/workshop/docs/BrazilCDoValle.pdf
Brazil: RGR - Global Reversion Reserve (Law No. 5.655/71, section 4, Law No. 9.427 - section 13).
This tax was designed to "provide funds for reversion, merger, expansion and improvement of energy public services." It is incorporated into the rates for distribution to be paid by users of the electrical utility’s system.
Date Implemented: 1971
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Obligations and Taxes, Duke Energy, Brasil http://www.duke-energy.com.br/IN/Negocios/guiadoclientelivre/negociosencargotributos0910.asp?id=159
Brazil: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction in Brazilian Industry (GERBI)
This program aims to support Brazilian industry to create market-based transactions that use energy efficiency to reduce GHG emissions.
Funding Information: World Bank, Candadian International Development Agency
References: http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/INET/IMAGES.NSF/vLUImages/Performancereview6/$file/CCCDF-English.pdf
http://3countryee.org/Paris/ProjectFindings_Govindarajalu.pdf
Brazil: India-Brazil-South Africa Declaration on Clean Energy
The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) trilateral development initiative began in 2003 to promote South-South initiatives on development, trade/investment, information exchange and cooperation in areas including agriculture, energy, health, and climate change. The second IBSA summit was held in October 2007. At this summit, the three countries reached agreement to work together in the promotion of nuclear energy, clean energy technologies and other renewable energies and in the endorsement of climate change mitigation. The countries agreed to pool resources to ensure a secure supply of safe, sustainable and non-polluting energy to meet global demand, particularly in developing countries. The declaration indicated that cooperation would include clean coal technologies and renewable energies such as biomass and innovative ways to transfer, develop and commercialise clean energy.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force
References: International Energy Agency http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=3767&action=detail
Brazil: Industrial local pollutant emissions offset law
Provides for the establishment of Air Emissions offset law (São Paulo) Reduction Programmes in areas with restricted
air quality. Also povides tax incentives and low-interest loans for efficient technologies
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Mandatory
References: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/docs/weo2006/Brazil.pdf http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=cc&id=3431&action=detail
Brazil: Inter-ministerial Commission on Climate Change (CIMGC)
The Inter-ministerial Commission on Climate Change (CIMGC), composed of nine ministries and headed by the Ministry of Science and Technology, was established in 1999 for the purpose of co-ordinating discussions on climate change and integrating the government’s policies in these ministries. The CIMGC provides input on the governments involvement with the UNFCCC and sets criteria and makes decisions on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force
References: http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/14666.html
Brazil: International Action Programme (IAP), Brazil’s Hydropower Programme
Regulatory frame is defined in law, approved on March 2004. Implementation of projects depends on public auction in order to guarantee both lower tariffs to the final consumers and smaller environmental impacts. All of them should have a Previous License (environmental) to take part in that auction. Projects will be able to add 2,819 MW to the Brazilian interconnected system. Contracts will be signed among distribution utilities and project developers, selected by the aforementioned auction, and there will a guaranteed PPA Power Purchase Agreement of a period of 15-30 years.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=32
Brazil: International Action Programme (IAP), Ethanol Green Fuel Production in Brazil
To transfer technology and know how in production, processing, distribution and use of ethanol either by itself or in mixture with gasoline, laying the foundation for international trade in green fuels.
Status: Framework Policy
Funding Information: Public/private partnerships.
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=35
Brazil: Law no. 9648
This policy provides incentives to small hydro facilities (less than 30MW). They are exempt from paying Financial Compensation for the use of water resources. They receive a reduction of 50% on transmission and distribution tariffs and can sell energy directly to any consumer with more than 500kW and are exempt from the public bidding process, requiring only authorization from ANEEL. And in cases where thermal generation is replaced with hydroelectric generation, the plants can avail themselves of the resources of the CCC (Fuel Consumption Cost Account).
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC;
EVALUATION OF SHPs IN THE BRAZILIAN ELECTRIC ENERGY MARKET
Brazil: Law no. 9991
This policy outlines the compulsory nature of R&D investment in renewable energy sources - "the 1% obligation". It obliges the holder of concessions and permissions for public services of electricity distribution to allocate annually at least 0.75%of their net operational revenues in R&D in the electricity sector, and at least 0.25% in end use efficiency programs. Until Dec 31, 2005 the minimum investment will be 0.5%, both for R&D and for energy efficiency programs in energy supply and use. Companies that generate electricity solely from wind-driven, solar, or biomass facilities, and small hydroelectric plants are exempt from this obligation through the end of 2005.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Luz no Campo - Light in the Countryside Rural Electrification program
The largest rural electrification program undertaken in Brazil, Luz no Campo intended to electrify one million rural homes in a three year period.
Date Implemented: 1999
Funding Information:Initial estimates forecasted a required investment of around $1 billion, or nearly $1000/new consumer. Rural consumers were typically expected to pay the full costs of the connection spread over a number of years. Luz-no-Campo lended 75% of the investment to concessionaires at 6% interest, with a two-year grace period and a five to ten year repayment period.
Target: The goal of the first stage (by 2002) was to electrify one million rural homes
References: IEA, http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=jr&id=1477
Brazil: Luz para todos
Demonstration projects. Energy will be free for low-income consumers, and for residential consumers with consumption less than 80kW/month, tariffs will be reduced.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: The program’s calculated cost is $7billion. This sum will be achieved through a partnership of the federal government, state agencies and energy distributors. The federal government will designate $5.3 billion. The project is also supported by USAID funding.
Target: full electrification in the country by 2008
References: Expanding Access to Electricity in Brazil; Programa Luz Para Todos, Ministerio de Minas e Energia de Brasil
Brazil: National Alcohol Program (PROALCOOL) Decree no 76.593
Public sector subsidies and tax breaks helped get the program started: farmers planted more sugar cane, investors built distilleries to convert the crop to ethanol and automakers designed cars to run on 100 percent alcohol. The government financed a distribution network to get the fuel to gas stations and kept alcohol prices low to entice consumers. In the 1990s, the government gradually withdrew its subsidies and lifted price controls on ethanol when cheap oil prices and ethanol shortages caused consumers to switch back to gasoline. Today, the price difference between gasoline mixed with ethanol and hydrated alcohol is defined by the Government (minus 30% for hydrated alcohol). The percentage of the mixture of ethanol with gasoline is set at 25%. The policy requires close coordination among all sectors involved: the Ministry of Agriculture and sugarcane planters, the Ministry of Science and Technology and research centres, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, the automobile industry, Ministry of Mines and Energy, PETROBRÁS, the fuel distributors, and the gas stations, the Ministries of Finance and Planning, the Ministry of Environment and automobile owners.
Date Implemented: 1974
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Milestones: By the mid-1980s, virtually all new cars sold in Brazil ran exclusively on ethanol. Today, ethanol accounts for about 40 percent of the fuel that Brazilians pump into their vehicles, compared with about 3 percent in the United States.
References:
The Embassy of Brazil in India, http://brazilembassyinindia.com/proalcool.htm;
"Fuel supply helps Brazil breathe easy," Baltimore Sun 06/20/2005
http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bal-ethanol0620,1,5894730.story?col...
Brazil: National Electrical Energy Conservation Program (PROCEL) Administrative Directive no. 1877
Policy to combat waste in the production and use of electrical energy. Measures include: Consumption labeling to inform consumers, influence purchasing decisions and induce manufacturers to make efficient products; Energy diagnostics/ audits to assess energy use and efficiency; Supporting R&D of efficient technologies/products; Marketing to strengthen the PROCEL trademark; Replacing incandescent lamps in public lighting with mercury vapor and high pressure sodium vapor lamps that consume 75% less energy; Promoting efficient lighting and appliances in government and residential buildings; Measures to reduce losses in electrical system; Actions to reduce electricity demand during peak hours; Offering training courses, seminars, and conferences to industrial and commercial consumers, concession-holder staff and public organizations to combat energy waste. PROCEL also helps utilities obtain low-interest financing for major energy efficiency projects from a revolving loan fund within the electric sector.
Date Implemented: 1985
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: 1/3 of PROCEL’s resources go toward R&D - allowing market access to more efficient end use equipment. As of 1998, PROCEL’s core budget for grants, staff, and consultants was approximately $20 million, with approximately $140 million per year going towards project financing.
References:
National Communication to the UNFCCC; Energy Efficiency Policies and Indicators, Annex I - Case Studies on Energy Efficiency Policy Measures, Case studies on economic and fiscal incentives: Brazil,
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/eepi/a1_incenti...
Brazil: National Policy for Conservation and Rational Use of Energy - Law no 10,295
The Executive branch establishes maximum levels of specific consumption of energy or minimum energy efficiencies for machines and appliances manufactured or sold in Brazil.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: National Program for the Rational Use of Natural Gas and Oil Products (CONPET)
Umbrella legislation for a variety of projects aimed at reducing losses and eliminating waste in energy production and use, encouraging the adoption of more energy efficient technologies and delay the need for new investment in electrical stations and oil refineries. The Program targets the transport, industrial and commercial/residential sectors, setting energy efficiency indexes, reviewing technical standards, demonstrating incentives to reduce fuel consumption, and increasing public awareness about energy efficiency.
Date Implemented:1991
Status: In Force
Targets: To obtain a 25% gain in energy efficiency in the use of oil products and natural gas in the next 20 years without affecting the level or diversity of economic activity
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Energy Efficiency Label
Part of CONPET, these efficiency labels recognize the light vehicles with the best energy performance in their class.
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Green Label
Part of CONPET, the green label of energy efficiency recognizes domestic appliances with the best energy performance in their class.
Status: Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Project Economizar
Part of CONPET, this project for the rational use of energy coordinates government efforts with the private sector, supporting freight and passenger transport companies in implementing measures to improve the use of diesel oil.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: Voluntary
Milestones: Efforts have seen up to 14% reduction in specific consumption of diesel oil in participating fleets, which translates to 144 million liters/year and 402Gg/year of CO2 not emitted into the atmosphere.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Project SIGA BEM
Part of CONPET, under this project the government disseminates instruction materials and free vehicle maintenance at service sites on the highway to motivate truckers to save fuel and monitor and analyze their consumption.
Date Implemented:1994
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: National Programme for Energy Development of States and Municipalities (PRODEEM)
The Program of Energy Development of States and Cities- PRODEEM, is an initiative that aims to take electric energy to agricultural communities using renewable resources. The government procures the necessary equipment and distributes it to the states and municipalities identified/chosen for projects. The projects focus on community development (schools, community centers, health facilities) rather than household electrification.
Date Implemented: 1994
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: For the implementation of the Action Plan, the IDB supported a US$9million grant. From 1996-2000 national treasury funds financed $21million reals, and the total budget for 2001 was another 60million reals. Also in 2001, 3,000 community systems were financed through international bidding, with a winning bid of 37 million reals for equipment, installation, operation and 3 years of maintenance.
Milestones: The aim was to develop 20,000 MW of renewable energy capacity to power schools, health centers, community centers and water pump systems
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Centro de Referência para Energia Solar e Eólica Sérgio de Salvo Brito: PRODEEM; IEA,
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=1476&action=detail
http://www.ises.org/cdm/workshop/docs/BrazilCDoValle.pdf
Brazil: Oil Production Program
Brazil: PROBIODIESEL - Brazilian Program of Technological Development for Biodiesel
The National Association of the Automotive Vehicles Manufacturers (ANFAVEA) has committed itself to maintaining the diesel engines? warranties even with the addition of 2% biodiesel to mineral diesel, which will become compulsory on the 13th of January 2008. With such a measure, the government intends to create a biodiesel demand of 800 million liters/year. From 2012 on, the addition grows up to 5%. The Program also envisions exporting the biodiesel, depending on production levels and on the growth and consolidation of an international market.The government is developing a criteria for the implantation of social incentive instruments. The idea is to encourage the cultivation of castor beans and palm by family farmers and in the less developed regions of the country. Indeed, the government will confer social certificates on producers who encourage the participation of family farmers in the biofuel production process. With these social certificates, producers will be eligible for benefits such as tax incentives. Moreover, the Brazilian government established in August 2005 a resolution through the National Council for Energy Policy (CNPE) determining that the biodiesel production will be bought by the National Agency of Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP). One of these measures is a 25% extension in the total loan payoff period for the purchase of machinery that uses at least 20% biodiesel fuel. The Biodiesel Program intends therefore not only to add a new fuel to the country’s energy matrix, but also to do that on the basis of self-sustainable projects that take into account price, quality, supply reliability and social inclusion. Besides its use for transport, biodiesel can also be used to generate electricity in remote communities, which represents a key opportunity for biomass use. Measures of government to induce the formation of the market: 1) creation of the regulatory landmark (Law of January/2005), creating a compulsory demand of at least 800 million liters/ year; 2) Establishment of lower cost financing lines through the National Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES). 3) accomplishment of auction of ANP 4) Acquisition of 70 million liters in 2006 of biodiesel produced by familiar agriculture (prices within R$ 1,92 and 1,80) aiming to establish a market event before the 2% compulsory demand.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: The Brazilian government planned to spend US$ 2.6 mm in 2003.
Target: The target is adding 5% of biodiesel in all supply of diesel over the country, from 2005 on, as well as the alcohol mixed to gasoline today. Avoids emissions of around 2.5 tonnes CO2/m3 of biodiesel used.
References:
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3437&action=detail
Brazil: Programme of Incentives for Alternative Electricity Sources (PROINFA) Programa de Incentivo a Fontes Alternativas de Energia Elétrica- Law 10438
The first stage will promote the use of renewable technologies (specifically wind, biomas and small hydro) through incentives and subsidies. Once the first phase objectives have been achieved, in the second phase, the program aims to increase renewables’ share of annual energy consumption to 10%. Also in this phase, participating plants will be required to issue Renewable Energy Certificates annually in proportion to the amount of clean energy they produce.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: The first phase subsidies/incentives will be funded from the Energy Development Account. Consumers pay into this account through an increase on energy bills (from which low-income sectors are exempt). Also the Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES, the Brazilian National Development Bank) has special financing available for these renewable projects as well (up to 70% of capital costs (excluding site acquisition and imported goods and services) at the basic national interest rates plus 2% of basic spread and up to 1.5% of risk spread. No interest charged during construction )
Target: PROINFA will introduce 3,300MW of renewable energy (wind, biomass cogeneration and micro-hydropower ) by 2007. Once this target has been met, stage II will aim to increase the share of energy produced by renewable sources to 10% of total annual energy consumption within 20 years.
Milestones: By early 2005 the first phase was finshed and 3,300 MW were completed (1,266 MW Solar, 655 MW Biomass, 1,379 Wind)
References: IEA,
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=1474&action=detail
http://www.ises.org/cdm/workshop/docs/BrazilCDoValle.pdf
Brazil: Projeto Ribeirinhas
The project aims to study the viability of providing energy to small, rural communities particularly in the Amazon region, using microsystems that provide renewable energy in a sustainable manner.
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://www.eletrobras.gov.br/EMProgramasRibeirinhas/default.asp
Brazil: Reluz
Ministry of Mines and Energy with Electrobras and the National Electrical Energy Agency (ANEEL) intend to improve the efficiency of 9 million points of public lighting and create 2 million new efficient spots.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Target: To save 2.4 TWh/year and reduce charge in 540MW in peak time.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3425&action=detail
Brazil: Resolution 245 (Law No. 5.899/73, section 13, Law No. 9.648, section 11)
Establishes the conditions for the distribution of the Fuel Concessionaire Account (CCC) to electricity generating undertakings implemented in isolated electricity systems, that either replace power produced from fossil fuel or meet new load demand.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force
References:
http://www.geocities.com/renovarbr/legislationcde.htmlhttp://www.ises.org/cdm/workshop/docs/BrazilC_DoValle.pdf
Brazil: Resolution ANEEL 219
Offered a discount of 50% for electricity tariffs to utilities generating electricity from wind and biomass – a benefit already previously awarded to small hydro.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.afrepren.org/project/gnesd/esdsi/brazil.pdf
Brazil: Resolution no 112
This resolution establishes the requirements for obtaining the registration or authorization for the implementation, expansion or refitting of thermoelectric, wind or photovoltaic generating stations and of other alternative energy sources destined for selling energy under the form of independent production, exclusive use or execution of a public service. Stations with a generating capacity of less than 5MW only require registration; authorization is required for stations with greater than 5MW generating capacity
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Restructuring energy market
Under the new policy two energy trading markets were created: a regulated pool which buys power from generators and shares the costs between distributors under set prices; and a free-market environment where distributors and generators can negotiate their own contracts. Three new bodies were created: the Company for Energy Research (Empresa de Pesquisa Energetica -EPE), responsible for long term research and planning of the power sector; the Chamber of Electric Energy Commercialization (Camara de Comercializacao de Energia Eletrica - CCEE), to oversee trading in the pool; and the Electric Sector Monitoring Committee (Comite de Monitoramento de Setor Electico -CMSE), responsible for overseeing the security of supply in Brazil. These three bodies are expected to afford the government additional influence on the country’s electricity sector. Finally, electricity pricing will be determined by pooling cheaper hydroelectricity with more expensive thermoelectric plants (natural gas), hopefully reducing electricity tariffs and ensuring power is purchased from the newly constructed thermal plants. All of Brazil’s 64 distributors will now buy power at a single price generated from the new pricing formula.
Date Implemented: 2004
References: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/brazil.html
Brazil: Selective Incentive Programme for Solar Water heating in Sao Paulo Municipality
São Paulo, solar water heating mandatory in large residences after 2010 [this is not mentioned in the Legislative Proposal 276/06].
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Mandatory by 2010
References: Legislative Proposal (Projeto de Lei) 276/2006, 28 April 2006
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=3432&action=detail
Brazil: Sol Brasil
Sol Brasil is a program of the Ministry of Science and Technology designed to increase the use of solar water heating. Its initiatives and activities include a marketing scheme, qualification/certification standards for solar water heater installers, and R&D support and incentives to promote innovation with SWH companies.
Status: In Force
Funding Information:The funding for Sol Brasil comes from the Solar Fund, developed using resources rom the Electric Sector Fund of the Ministry of Science and Technology (from contributions from utilities)
Brazil: Tax incentive for small engines
Tax incentive for the production of models with engines under 1,000cc
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/work/2006/indicatorsapr26/SchaeferBrazil.pdf
Brazil: Thermal Electric Program
This program is intended to transform the Brazilian energy matrix, and will increase the generation of thermoelectric energy by 7 - 20% in the next 10 years. This change will confer more reliability to energy generation plants, avoiding the risk of energy deficits caused by water level reduction in the reservoirs of hydroelectric plants.
Date Implemented: 1999
Funding Information: it is estimated that the program will count on investments of R$ 12 billion. The The National Bank of Social and Economic Development (BNDES) will participate of the program, financing up to 30% of the total cost of the enterprise for the construction of plants.
Target: To increase available energy in the country by more than 15 thousand Megawatts with the inauguration of 49 thermoelectric plants in 18 Brazilian states by the year 2003.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.brasilemb.org/tradeinvestment/tradenaturalgas.shtml
Brazil: Wind Energy Emergency Program (PROEOLICA) This program supported the development of wind energy.
Date Implemented: 2001 Status: In Force
Target: Implementation of 1.050 MW of grid connected wind energy by the end of 2003
References: World Bank Project ID document
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3426&action=detail
Brazil: Yellow Tariff
State Policy of Minas Gerias - installation of seasonal meters and surcharging electricity consumed in peak hours. Residential customers using more than 200 kWh/month and commercial customers consuming more than 500 kWh/month will have special metering equipment installed in order to allow application of the new tariff.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://tdworld.com/mag/powerdistributiondemandside/
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1999/10/11/00009494699092110080485/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txt
Policies in China:
China: 10th Five Year Plan
The 10th Five-Year Plan continues to elaborate goals for the sustainable economic and social development of China. Energy related objectives focus on the development of clean-burning, substitution and efficient technologies. It elaborates certain means, including clean fuels demonstration projects, implementing energy efficiency standards and a labeling/identification system, formulating efficiency incentives, and introducing ‘Energy Conservation Publicity Week’
Date Implemented: 2001-2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Funding Information:
Targets: Beijing plans to reduce China’s total emissions by 10%. By 2005, the energy consumption of 10,000 yuan GDP shall be reduced to 2.2 tons of standard coal (according to the fixed price in 1990).
References: US Department of State, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm
Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.chinacp.com/eng/cppolicystrategy/10th5energy.htm
China: Brightness Program
Decentralized electrification of rural areas through renewables
Date Implemented: 1996-1999
Targets: Wind and solar equipment is to be installed to provide 100W of electricity per capita to eight million people, as part of the Central Government Poverty Alleviation Meeting.
References: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35787.pdf
China: 11th Five-Year Plan
The programming period is divided into the Eleventh Five Year Plan period running to 2010 and the period from 2010 to 2020. The energy conservation objectives and the focus of development by 2010 are essentially planned, whereas the objectives stated for 2020 are proposed. In its "alternative oil strategy," which is part of the Five-Year Plan, Beijing has called for a doubling in renewable energy generation to 15% of the country’s needs by 2020, including major increases in wind power and biomass.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/guideline/156529.htm
http://www.gov.cn/english/special/115y_index.htm
China: 3 self policies
The 3-selfs scheme is the main component of the government’s rural electrification with small hydro power program. "Self construction," "self-management," and "self consumption" promote self reliance within rural populations.
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: China New Energy: Policy and Plan
http://www.newenergy.org.cn/english/policy/
China: Air Cleaning Program – Clean Automobile Action
To promote clean automobiles
Milestones: By the end of 2003, 16 demonstration sites for clean automobiles had been set up
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC
China: Asian Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
APP partners Australia, Canada, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, and the United States have agreed to work together and with private sector partners to meet goals for energy security, national air pollution reduction, and climate change in ways that promote sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. The Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate is an innovative new effort to accelerate the development and deployment of clean energy technologies. The APP has a number of projects in member countries designed to implement or improve new technologies, better policies, and mutual cooperation. In addition to renewable energy, the APP focuses on manufacturing sectors like steel and cement.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Framework Agreement
References: http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/default.htm
China: Beijing pollution reduction measures
Beijing municipal government mandated that city vehicles convert to liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas. By 2002, Beijing had the largest fleet of natural gas buses in the world - a total of 1,630 vehicles. Subway and light rail systems in Beijing also are being expanded.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: China, http://www.eia.doe.gov/
http://www.iges.or.jp/APEIS/RISPO/inventory/db/pdf/0014.pdf
China: Brightness Program
The Brightness Program includes the Township and Village Electrification Programs and is designed to bring electricity to rural areas and help alleviate poverty. China is focusing its efforts in the western provinces including Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Qunghai, Gansu, and Xinjiang. The Township Electrification Program targets 1065 towns to be provided with either solar or small scale hydro power.
___
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: Government spent 50 million US$ from 2001-2005. Other costs expected to be covered by users and government grants. Assistance from Germany and Holland.
Target: to provide electricity to 8 million people initially, and later 23 million people by 2010 using renewable energy and eventually provide 100 watts per person.
References:NREL; http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35790.pdf
http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/english/UpFile/File10.DOCChina: Cleaner Production Promotion Law
Requires local governments to develop and implement cleaner production plans and periodically release pamphlets and guidebooks with instructions. Encourages research and development of cleaner technologies and processes and the dissemination of information and awareness about clean prodcution through educational programs and television/media outlets. Formulates tax incentives and otherwise supports the research and development of clean technologies. Requires technological upgrades and certain standards in building, construction and production. Established demonstration programs for pollution remediation in ten major Chinese cities, and designated several river valleys as priority areas.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: China http://www.eia.doe.gov/
http://www.chinacp.com/eng/cppolicystrategy/cp_law2002.html
China: Consumption tax
Beijing is retooling its tax structure to incentivize the consumption of smaller, more efficient and less polluting cars. Under the current structure, there are 3 categories for engine size, while the new structure will likely have five. Buyers of low or zero-emission vehicles will be exempted from taxes while those who purchase bigger cars will pay higher taxes. (Current avg vehicle tax: 3-8 per cent levied on auto producers. New tax on bigger cars could be as high as 15-20 per cent.)
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Planned; Mandatory
Targets: growth of clean vehicle market/industry
References: China Daily News stories: Wu Chong: "Buyers of big cars will pay more tax" 11/25/05; Fu Jing "Buyers of small cars to enjoy big tax breaks" 11/9/05
China: Conversion of Exhaust Heat and Pressure
Within the 11th Five Year Period (2006 - 2010), the Chinese government has mandated the efficient use of exhaust, pressure and heat from mining and industrial processes. Iron and steel enterprises will
- apply coke dry quenching (CDQ) and power generation through the pressure difference in blast furnace, renovate all blast furnace gas power generation and implement converter gas recovery to save 2.66 million tons of standard coal;
- install each year 30 sets of medium-and-low-temperature exhaust-heat power generation equipment in concrete production lines with a daily yield of 2,000 tons;
- exploit ground coalbed gas (CBG), extracting and draining gas in ground mined-out areas, discarded mines and below the grand surface, to realize an annual gas application of one billion cubic meters, equivalent to saving 1.35 million tons of standard coal.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2518&action=detail
Delete This
China: Design Standards
The technical design standards for efficiency, implemented by the Chinese government, include primarily, Grading of Insulation of the Outside Windows of Buildings and Its Testing Method, Design Standards for Energy Conservation in Civil buildings, for Lighting in Civil Buildings, for Thermal Engineering in Civil Buildings, for Energy Conservation in Thermal Engineering and Air Ventilation in Tourist Hotel Buildings, for Energy Conservation in the Residential Buildings in Areas Unusually Hot in Summer and Cold in Winter, and for Renovation of Existing Residential Buildings
Date Implemented: tested on a limited basis beginning in 1994; implemented in 1996 revised in 2005-2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Milestones: The first standards required that all new buildings cut energy costs by 50 percent. However, by the end of 2000, only 5 percent of all new construction had met the standards. The revised standards call for increased enforcement of the standards, and by 2010, more than one-third of new buildings will be required to cut energy consumption by up to 50 percent. By 2020, all the new buildings will be expected to reduce energy use by 65 percent.
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Mar/121609.htm
China: Efficiency Upgrade for Appliance Production and Public Lighting
Aiming to reduce electricity consumption by 29 billion kilowatt-hours over the 11th Five-Year Period, China has mandated the promotion of high-efficiency lighting systems and three-primary-color phosphorous in public facilities, hotels, shopping centers, office buildings, and sports venues; and the renovation of production and assembly lines of high-efficiency electronic appliances. In 2004, lighting required 13% of China’s total power. As stated by the National Development and Reform Commission, 70 to 80% of power can be saved by replacing ordinary incandescent lamps with high-efficiency energy-saving fluorescent lamps and 20 to 30 percent can be saved by replacing traditional electromagnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts. In traffic lights, 90 percent of power used can be saved by replacing incandescent lamps with light emitting diodes (LEDs).
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: Conservation of 29 billion kilowatt-hours by 2010
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2523&action=detail
China: Electric Power Law
This law emphasizes government support of small hydropower systems, solar energy, wind, geothermal, biomass, and other renewable energy resources for rural electrification.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: Framework Policy
References: Energy and Power in China: Domestic Regulation and Foreign Policy, The Foreign Policy Centre, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/448.pdf
China: Electricity Generates Electricity
Profits from existing small hydorpower stations and grids has to be used to build more SHP. The government also set up a VAT of 6% of tax preference for SHP stations.
Status: Mandatory
References: http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/storyprint.asp?sc=2024707
China: Electricity price increase
China’s top pricing and tax decision-making group has developed a pricing system for electricity generated by renewable energy. The plan requires raising the tarrif - the set price at which generators of electricity can sell their power to grid companies. The rate increase will vary by region depending on the level of economic development. The customer will be paying the additional cost of producing RE.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Planned; Mandatory
References: China Daily News story: Wang Ying "New pricing system for green electricity" 11/17/05
China: End-Use Energy Efficiency Programme (EUEEP)
EUEEP is part of a 12-year government plan to dramatically improve the efficiency of China’s major energy users: commercial and residential buildings, heavy industries such as iron, steel, cement, and petrochemicals. The EUEEP is designed to support develop and implement a comprehensive system of policies and regulations for energy conservation. These will range from technological innovations to creation and revision of design codes to the development of training materials and energy conservation guidelines for architects, engineers, and industrial managers to improve the efficiency of industrial equipment such as electric motors and boilers, household, appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines, as well as office automation equipment . The UNDP and the GEF, in partnership with government agencies, research institutes, bilateral donor countries, non-governmental organizations, and enterprises, will also help introduce and test new technologies, methodologies, and market-based mechanisms and tools.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status:Planned; Voluntary
Funding Information: Phase I: UNDP Inputs: GEF US$17,000,000; Donor Inputs: Private Sector US$32,000,000; Government Inputs: US$31,350,000
References: http://www.undp.org.cn/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&cat...
China: Energy Conservation in Buildings
Within its 11th Five-Year Period, China plans to reduce residential and public buildings’ energy consumption by 50%, saving 50 million tons of standard coal. The federal plan for energy conservation in buildings formally mandates:
- the quick technical reform of heat-supply systems nation-wide;
- renewed efforts to promoting building energy efficiency technology and related products; and
- renovation of existing buildings in the nation’s cold northern regions, with particular focus on hotels.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2522&action=detail
China: Energy Conservation in Government
To improve the energy efficiency of government institutions during the 11th Five-Year Period, China required several reforms of government operation:
- During reconstruction of government buildings - including heating, air-conditioning and lighting systems - 20 percent of the total construction area must meet the national building energy efficiency standard.
- Government procurement must promote high-efficiency products and publish their list.
- Government vehicle purchases must focus on low-oil-consuming vehicles.
With these mandates, the Chinese state aims to save energy by 10% per unit construction area and per capita, relative to 2002.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: Energy conservation of 10% per unit construction area and per capita, relative to 2002
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2524&action=detail
China: Energy Conservation Law
Broadly, this law covers the promotion of energy conservation and efficiency, and of productivity in industry. The law seeks to promote energy conservation activities throughout society, increase the economic benefits from energy efficiency measures, protect the environment, ensure economic and social development, and meet the needs of households. The law codifies China’s approach to promoting energy efficiency under a more market-oriented economic system. The law states that the government should encourage energy efficiency, as well as the development and use of new and renewable energy, formulate energy conservation policy, compile energy conservation plans, and incorporate them into the economic and social development plans of the nation, develop policies and plans that ensure rational energy utilization, and coordinate those plans with environmental protection and economic growth, stimulate and support technology R&D and scientific research in energy conservation as well as application and dissemination, and strengthen educational activities and propaganda in energy conservation. Formulation of specific rules and methods is left to planning and implementing organizations of the central and local governments. Under the implementation process for the Energy Conservation Law, the SETC published a list of energy-intensive equipment that was to be taken out of service, including small fossil fuel fired power plants, obsolete transportation equipment, and vehicles in urban areas over 15 years old. The SETC also issued guidance on the investment of central government funds and on the level of energy efficiency to be achieved by plants of specific size. Also, the Policy Outline for Energy Conserving Technologies laid out a set of specific technical goals, e.g., abolition of certain types of equipment and adoption of particular technologies for specific sectors and for products, such as boilers and electric motors.
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Framework policy
References: Compendium on Energy Conservation Legislation, UN, http://www.unescap.org/esd/energy/publications/compend/ceccpart1chapter1... EIA China’s Environmental Issues,
Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001)
China: Energy cooperation with Russia
Chinese president Hu Jintau and Russian President Vladimir Putin agreed to deepen energy cooperation. Russian Gazprom will build necessary pipelines to supply gas to China. This cooperation will benefit China by providing increased access to energy supplies. As well, any effort to consume fossil fuels other than coal will benefit the environment.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Planned; Mandatory
Funding Information: Pipelines will cost ~$10 billion
Targets: gas pipelines linking to both west and east China - first deliveries estimated around 2011. Eventual supply: 60-80 billion cubic meters of gas/yr
References: Reuters news story March21, 2006 "Russia and China promise energy cooperation" by Tom Miles
China: Energy Efficient Products for Government Procurement - Publication of Official Listing
The Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission published a formal list of energy efficient products for public procurement. Certified by a Chinese certification organization, the list of products will be issued as the List of Energy Efficient Products for Government Procurement, or simply the Energy Efficiency List.
The Energy Efficiency List: Refrigerators, Room Air Conditioners, Double Capped Fluorescents for General Service Lighting, Self-ballasted Fluorescents for General Service Lighting, Televisions, Computers, Printers, Toilets and Faucets.
When procuring products from a category appearing on the Energy Efficiency List, federal, state and municipal agents must give priority to the energy efficient products on the Energy Efficiency List. In government procurement activities, the procurement officer must make explicit the assessment standards for product energy efficiency requirements, conditions for product qualification, and priority of energy efficiency procurement in all tender documents (including negotiation documents and price request documents).
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2515&action=detail
China: Energy Label
Household refrigerators and room air conditionings without this label were forbidden to be sold in Chinese market after March, 1st, 2005.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://mail.mtprog.com/CDLayout/Day222.06.06/1400-1545/ID7Minghong_final.pdf
China: Enhanced Efficiency Monitoring and Auditing: Development of Efficiency Centers
Within the 11th Five-Year Period, China aims to boost the capability of provincial efficiency monitoring centers of provinces and principal energy-consuming industries. Such support appears as renovation of monitoring equipment, personnel training and promotion of contractual energy management.
Liable under federal law, the centers of monitoring and auditing must develop and provide package services of efficiency diagnosis, design, financing, renovation, operation and management, for enterprises, government institutions and schools.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Multi-sectoral Framework Policy
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2525&action=detail
China: Environmental Protection Law
Establishes framework for protecting the environment, including setting standards, assessing (and limiting) environmental impact, fines for pollution, and bans on polluting technologies/facilities.
Date Implemented: 1989
Status: In Force; Framework Policy, Mandatory
References: Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China
http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/34356.htm
China: Gasoline price increase
In may of 2006, Beijing enacted the largest ever one-off increase in the fixed/mandated price of gasoline in China. Overnight the price increased 12 cents to approximately $2.40/gallon.
Date Implemented: May 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: news article by Richard McGregor in Beijing May 24, 2006
China: Government notice to encourage environmentally-friendly, low-emission cars
This notice encouraged the use of environmentally-friendly, low-emission cars and called on manufacturers to invest more in development and production of environmentally-friendly and low-emission engines and automobiles, such as small cars, diesel-powered vehicles and those using new fuel sources. The notice urged government departments to use tax breaks and preferential oil-pricing policies to encourage consumers to buy such cars and advocated lower parking charges for small vehicles. It also demanded government departments remove all limitations on the use of small cars in the transportation and taxi sectors.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/154117.htm
China: Green Insurance System
China is beginning a trial phase of requiring insurance for companies that produce or use high- risk chemical products. Companies that have been prone to accidents recently will be targeted. This measure is intended to help victims of polluting industries receive timely and appropriate compensation. The insurance would prevent companies from going bankrupt after a serious environmental accident, but still give them incentive to lower their insurance costs by increasing their safety standards.
Date Implemented: 2008 trial period. Full scale implementation by 2015
Status: In Force; Trial period
References: http://english.gov.cn/2008-02/18/content_892569.htm
China: Green Lighting Program
The program involves promoting the development and market penetration of efficient and clean lighting sources, including low interest loans for the lighting industry, education campaigns, and pilot/demonstration projects.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: Ended; Voluntary
Targets: The short-term objective was to increase the stock of efficient lighting products by 300 million by 2000.
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC;
http://www.aceee.org/pubs/i991.htm
China: IFC’s China Utility-Based Energy Efficiency Finance program
CHUEE supports marketing, development and equipment financing services to energy users in the commercial, industrial, institutional and multi-family residential sectors to implement energy efficiency projects in China. CHUEE brings together financial institutions, utility companies, and suppliers of energy efficiency equipment. The program is expected to promote energy efficiency, reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and expand lending to small and medium enterprises in China.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Among the first steps: IFC agreed to grant $1 million to Xinao Gas and to provide Industrial Bank with risk-sharing coverage of $25 million. The risk-sharing coverage will help Industrial Bank establish a loan portfolio of $58 million in energy efficiency equipment loans to small and midsize energy users in China. CHUEE is supported by grant funding from the Global Environmental Facility and Finland’s Ministry of Trade and Industry, and operates under the IFC Private Enterprise Partnership for China.
References: http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/chuee.nsf
China: Import Duties
The Chinese government has lowered import duties to directly promote the development of renewable energy technologies. The average import duty now stands at 23%, but renewable energy technologies enjoy special low rates: 3% for components of wind power plants, 6% for wind turbines, and 12% for photovoltaics (PV) systems.
Status: In Force
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC; Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001)
China: Law of the Highway
A fuel-based taxation system intended to save energy, reduce pollution, and promote automobile technology development.
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: Mandatory
References: Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001)
China: Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution/Air Pollution Control Law
This law requires enterprises to use energy-efficient, low-polluting clean production technologies, and asks the economic management authorities (SDPC and SETC) to promulgate lists of equipment to be retired. It requires sorting and washing of high-sulfur and high-ash coal, which would lead to marketing of coal that could be used more efficiently in end use equipment. As a result of this legislation and the more forceful implementation of environmental regulations, many small, inefficient and heavily polluting plants shut down and mines were closed. This has led to greater opportunity for efficient higher quality mines and plants to open.
Date Implemented: 2000; revised 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: China http://www.eia.doe.gov/
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3282&action=detail
Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001),
China: Low interest loans
The Chinese government has issued low interest loans and interest subsidies for power plants using renewable technolgies to reduce the cost.
Date Implemented: since 1987
Status: In Force
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC; Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001),
China: Market Transformation Programme - Partnership with the UK
Chinese and UK governments aim to harmonise and converge product performance specifications at a global level, fostering the development of efficient products at a lower cost. In theory, the project will enable the Chinese government to develop a more informed approach to product policy. The Market Transformation Programme focuses on the efficiency of appliances, including domestic set-top boxes, Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs), refrigerators, colour TVs, rice cookers, washing machines, microwave ovens and room air conditioners. Market transformation strategies seek to achieve significant and lasting improvements in the efficiency of electrical products. The project, mandated by China’s NDRC, works in partnership with two Chinese government organisations: CNIS (China National Institute of Standardization), responsible for setting minimum standards and initiating the development of test methodologies and CECP (China Standard Certification Center), who develops, manages and enforces product certification. Project Tasks/ Research: Based on currently available information sources, the project develops end-use stock models of consumption, to enable scenarios to be run, and to prepare prioritise policy action plans to reduce the energy consumption of products in China.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2526&action=detail
China: Medium and Long Term Energy Conservation Plan
Plan of Energy Conservation aims to push the whole society towards energy conservation and energy intensity reduction, to remove energy bottlenecks, to build an energy saving society, and to promote sustainable social and economic development. In this plan, detailed energy conservation targets were set up. Key actions and comprehensive policy measures were put forward such as the Ten key projects for Energy Conservation. The programming period is divided into the Eleventh Five Year Plan period running to 2010 and the period from 2010 to 2020. The energy conservation objectives and the focus of development by 2010 are essentially planned, whereas the objectives stated for 2020 are proposed.
Specifically: Guidelines for Rural Hydropower plan to increase its installed hydropower capacity by 15 million kilowatts to supply electricity for 10 million rural residents from 2006 to 2010 by constructing 400 hydropower driven counties; Guidelines for Transport plan six railways for passenger transportation, including one between Beijing and Shanghai and five inter-city railways, 14 expressway by 2010; Plan for Energy Conservation aims to reduce energy consumption per capita by 20% in 2010, compared to 2005.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Framework policy
References: http://www.beconchina.org/energy_saving.htm
China: Medium and Long-Term Energy Development Plan Outline (2004-2020)
The Plan has specific targets for power generation from renewable sources. The target for 2010 (60 GW) will represent about 10 percent of China’s total installed power generation capacity. The equivalent figure for 2020 (Target: 121 GW) is about 12 percent. China will also pay considerable attention to the development of RE heat sources and to liquid biofuels, etc. Overall, China’s use of renewable energy is expected to increase to 20,000 PJ/year by 2020 - 17 percent of the country’s projected total energy consumption.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: www.nautilus.org/aesnet/2005/JUL0605/PRC_LEAP.ppt
China: National Climate Change Program
In June, 2007 China released its National Climate Change Program outlining the challenges that China is facing in dealing with climate change. It outlines steps that China has taken towards sustainable development and plans that China will enact in the future to address climate change. Strategies include increasing R&D, improving energy efficiency and building construction, developing renewable and nuclear energy, increasing forest cover, improving industrial policy and agriculture, and improving institutions and policies.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: Framework Policy
Targets: reduce energy intensity by 20% by 2010,
increase forest coverage rate to 20%,
stabilize rate of Nitrous Oxide emissions to 2005 levels,
by 2010 10% of energy to be supplied by renewables
References: http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/
China: National Energy Strategy
Continued improvement in energy efficiency at the same rate as the past 20 years. Rapidly expand the use and supply of Natural Gas. Decrease the reliance on Coal to less then 60% of total energy use by 2020. Increase the use of clean coal technologies for power generation. Introduce coal liquefaction for transport fuels. Substantially increase reliance on hydropower. China aims to have 200 to 230GW of hydroelectricity by 2020. Install up to 40GW of nuclear power capacity by 2020. The NESP’s target for renewable energy is an additional 90 to 100GW of capacity by 2020, including 60 to 70GW of small scale hydropower, 20GW of wind power, 1GW of biomass-fired electricity, and small increases in solar, geothermal, ocean and tidal energy. Accelerated development and large scale deployment of combined heat and power (CHP, or cogeneration).
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3300&action=detail
China: Ninth Five-Year Plan
Under the 9th Five-Year Plan, China initiated several national programs including the Brightness Program, Integrated and Comprehensive Rural Electrification, Energy Efficient Lighting, and the Riding Wind Program.
Date Implemented: 1996-2000
Status: Ended; Framework Policy
References: Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001),
China: Parallel Operation Regulations for Wind Power Generation
This legislation requires power grids to allow interconnection and parallel operations of wind farms, and states that power grids must buy all the electricity generated by wind farms at a price that covers production costs.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: Mandatory
References: Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001)
China: Pricing Reforms
The government removed the heavy subsidies that had been keeping energy prices low and providing a disincentive for the development of increased efficiency. A two-tiered (or multiple) price structure was introduced for coal and petroleum prices, allowing for quantities beyond production quotas to be sold at higher prices.
Date Implemented: 1980s: ‘81 (oil), ‘82/’84 (coal); ‘87 (natural gas), ‘85 (electricity); 1990s for coal, oil
Status: Mandatory
References: Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001),
China: Program of Action for Sustainable Development
This program is a follow-up of the White Paper on China’s Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st Century. It acknowledges progress made in the last decade including economic and social developments and capacity building, and also upcoming challenges. To deal with these challenges, the program suggests improving research and investement in sustainable development, improving legislation and supporting institutions, and strenghten international cooperation.
Priorities include:
-Economic development: industrial restructuring, regional and small-town development, and economic globalization
-Social Development: population management, health care, social security, and disaster management
-Resource Allocation: water, foerests/grasslands/coastlines, land use, and energy efficiency
-Ecological conservation: monitoring and evaluation, nature preserves/conservation zones, anti- desertification, soil conservation, and agriculture
-Pollution Control: air, water, waste, and traffic
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: Framework Policy
References: http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/
China: Program on New and Renewable Energy Development in China (1996-2010)
This program provides tax incentives and low interest loans for new and renewable energy projects.
Date Implemented: 1996-2010
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: 13.4 million hectares of fuel wood plantation, 4 billion cubic meters
of biogas supply to 12.35 million households, 117GWh electricity from
small hydro, 4.67 mtce of solar energy, 1000-1100MW of wind power
capacity and 50 MW of tidal power capacity
References: China New Energy: Policy and Plan
http://www.newenergy.org.cn/english/policy/
China: National Medium-and Long-Term (2006-2020) Program Outline for Scientific and Technological Development
Designated "energy" as the No. 1 area that "needs urgent S&T support". The document mapped out a host of government-supported plans covering key fields of study, cutting-edge technologies, big special programs, as well as basic research.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-09/12/content_5082321.htm
China: Provisional Regulations on the Administration of Energy Resource Savings
National energy conservation, promotion of productivity in industry
Date Implemented: 1986
References: Compendium on Energy Conservation Legislation, UN, http://www.unescap.org/esd/energy/publications/compend/ceccpart1chapter1...
http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/docs/Energy%20Efficiency%20Policy%20Review.pdf
China: Raising taxes for pollutant discharge
The level of charges for exploitation of mineral resources and the
emission of pollutants will be raised to promote conservation and
protect the environment. The government will adjust taxation policies concerning coal resources to promote orderly exploitation and improve the rate of recovery.
Date Implemented: to be implemented in 2007
Status: Mandatory
References: http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/200529.htm
China: Regulations on Electricity Regulation
Sets out the organizational framework for electricity regulatory institutions, the duties of regulators, regulatory measures, the code of conduct for regulatory institutions and their staff as well as their due legal responsibilities.
Date Implemented: 2005
References: Energy and Power in China: Domestic Regulation and Foreign Policy, The Foreign Policy Centre, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/448.pdf
China: Regulations on Electricity Supervision and Control
Together with the Regulations on Electricity Regulation, this scheme seeks to create a competitive domestic market for energy. The State Electricy Regulatory Commission (SERC) is to supervise and regulate the electricy price and issue electric power permits to businesses.
Date Implemented: 2005
References:Energy and Power in China: Domestic Regulation and Foreign Policy, The Foreign Policy Centre, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/448.pdf
China: Renewable Energy Law
The law designates renewable technologies as the prefered area for energy development and research. It requires power grid operators to purchase resources from registered renewable energy producers. The law also offers financial incentives, such as a national fund to foster renewable energy development, and discounted lending and tax preferences for renewable energy projects. It also includes a renewable portfolio standard. It sets up the guidlines for assisting the renewable energy industries, setting technical standards for renewable energy electric power, technologyand products, incorporating knowledge about renewable technologies into educational curricula, encouraging construction of renewable power generation facilities, efficient buildings, and for rural electrification. Finally, it provides economic incentives: setting up a rural energy development fund to support R&D, construction, surveys and equipment production, authorizing the provision of preferential loans with subsidized interest, and tax benefits.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: Aims to increase the usage of solar and wind power in China’s total energy consumption to 10% in the next 5 years (from 1%). Further targets to be determined and released to public. This law will increase small hydro-power capacity from 31,000 megawatts to 70,000 to 80,000 megawatts by 2020. Wind power capacity is expected to increase to 20,000 megawatts from 560 megawatts, and biomass from 2,000 megawatts to 20,000 megawatts.
References: China Passes Renewable Energy Law http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=23531; Renewable Energy Law - People’s Republic of China;
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/assets/download/ChinaRELaw_05.doc