Welcome to the WRI’s database of SD-PAMs. This tool brings together policies and measures in 18 developing countries that have an impact on climate change. This is a beta version, and all feedback on both the user-friendliness of the database and the accuracy of its contents are very welcome.
You can look at all of the policies in one country simply by clicking on it, or you can examine certain types of policies across all countries by using the Tags menu on the right.
Policies in Argentina:
Argentina: Biofuels Act 26,093
The Act mandates the use of at least a 5% bio-ethanol or bio-diesel mix in the gasoline and diesel distributed in Argentina. In addition, the above act establishes the mandatory use of biofuels in a percentage to be determined by governmental entities and anticipates an increase in the above mentioned 5% rate in the future. Accordingly, the Biofuels Act has secured a market for the domestic supply of grain-based fuels. Mandatory fuel mixture shall only come in force in 2010.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.mna.com.ar/publicaciones/02_energia/MNAEnergy&MiningBulletinS...
Argentina: Conservation and Efficiency
The country has a relatively strong energy conservation and efficiency program focusing on cogeneration of heat and power, energy appliance labeling, and efficient lighting.
References: http://www.pewclimate.org/global-warming-in-depth/all_reports/argentina/...
Argentina: Convocatoria presentación de ideas de proyectos MDL - 2007
La Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable dependiente de la Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros de la Nación, en el marco de las actividades llevadas a cabo por el Fondo Argentino de Carbono en el mes de abril de 2007, convoca a la presentación de ideas de proyecto en los sectores de: generación de energía renovable; recuperación de gases a partir de tratamiento de efluentes y residuos animales; industria siderúrgica; y forestación, que puedan ser enmarcados dentro del Mecanismo para un Desarrollo Limpio (MDL), establecido en el artículo 12 del Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). Objetivos de la convocatoria:
Identificar / seleccionar proyectos entre los campos mencionados anteriormente para brindar asistencia en desarrollo del Documento de Diseño de Proyecto (PDD) de forma tal que pueda alcanzar su registro ante las autoridades internacionales correspondientes.
Date Implemented: Starting: March 25 2007 Ending: April 27 2007.
Status: Voluntary
References: http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/
Argentina: Efficient Lighting Initiative
Promotes the sale of efficient lamps to residential users around the country.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: IFC-GEF project
References: World Bank, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/05/17...
Argentina: Energy Efficiency Project
The Project’s main activities are:
To promote EE investments and practices by end-users by supporting further market penetration of energy efficient equipment and services, including ESCOs;
To facilitate EE and demand-side management (DSM) investments by electric power distribution companies;
To provide technical assistance for Project promotion, monitoring and management. Implementing Agency: World Bank
Date Implemented: 2006-2012
Status: Planned; Voluntary
Funding Information: The estimated total cost of the EE Project is US$40.3 million. The Project will be financed by a GEF grant, bilateral donors, the Argentine Government, energy companies, commercial financing sources, and other stakeholder and participants.
Budget:
GEF Grant: US$ 15,500,000
Co-financing: US$ 82,613,000
Total Budget:US$ 98,113,000
References: http://esa.un.org/un-energy/mapping/WB.EFF/21_Argentina%20Energy%20Effic...
Argentina: International Action Programme (IAP), Promotion of Renewable Energies in Argentina with the Aim of Achieving 8% of Power Consumption from Renewable Energies
Small-scale use of HEP; development of small-scale hydroelectric installations in Gobernador Gregores (Sta. Cruz Province); modernisation of small water power facilities and construction of new power stations over existing engineering works
Pilot fuel cell project; fuel cell application in context of renewable energies
Rural electrification based on renewable energies
PERMER Project (Renewable Energies in Rural Markets)
Date Implemented: Preparatory Phase
Status: Planned, Government Initiative
Funding Information: Funding is secured through the Government of Argentina
Targets: A: Promotion of Wind and Solar Energy Act (25019)
B: Development of a regulatory framework for renewable energies in Argentina (8% of power consumption from renewable energies) based on a National Congress Act on the promotion of Renewable Energies for all sources C: Flagship Programme for the Development of Renewable Energies
References:
http://ren21.net/pdf/International_Action_Programme.pdf
Argentina: Landfill Gas Capture Projects
The main objective of the project activity is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the sanitary landfills of the cities of Salta and Olavarria. The projects will generate revenues through the selling of certified emission reductions in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Revenue will be administered by the respective Municipalities to improve landfill operation and overall waste management for the cities, as well as toward the community benefits plan.
Date Implemented: implementation to begin 2008
Status: in progress
Funding Information: World Bank Carbon Financing Unit
Targets: The project in Salta will displace 210,900 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) into the atmosphere over 21 years, starting in 2008.
References: http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Projport&ProjID=33518
http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Projport&ProjID=9595
Argentina: Law to promote hydrogen as a fuel
The Argentine National Congress approved a law to promote the development and use of hydrogen as a fuel. Under the new law, the development of technology, production, use and applications of hydrogen as fuel have been declared of general interest and research and development of this field shall be fostered by the government. The law gives considerable tax benefits for fifteen (15) years to promote the production, use and applications of hydrogen, such as: a) early refund of value added tax when buying, manufacturing, elaborating or importing capital goods; b) accelerated amortization for income tax purposes; c) exemption from minimum presumptive income tax; d) exemption from liquid and natural gas special tax
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.mna.com.ar/publicaciones/02_energia/MNAEnergy&MiningBulletinS...
Argentina: Ley Nacional 20.284 Contaminación Atmosférica
The government established the framework for for researching and implementing methods of prevention and control of atmospheric contamination.
Date Implemented: 1973
Status: Voluntary
References: http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/
Argentina: Ley Nacional 25.675 Ley General del Ambiente
The General Environmental Law lays out the organizing principles and the basic framework of Argentina’s environmental policy. The instruments of the policy include the evaluation of environmental impact, a system of control of the development of human activities, environmental education and information dissemination, and promoting sustainable development. It calls for ‘the competent authorities’ to take measures to protect the environment, to implement voluntary restrictions and also incentives and measures to promote environmental management. The precautionary principle is one of the organizing principles behind Argentina’s General Environmental Law.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force
References: http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/
Argentina: Ley nacional de la actividad nuclear
This policy describes the regulatory framework for the investigation and development of Argentina’s nuclear program.
Date Implemented: 1997
Status: In Force
References: http://www.farn.org.ar/bd/ecolegis/tc/2822.html
Argentina: National emissions target
The emission target shall be expressed as E = I *?P., where emissions (E) are measured in tons of carbon equivalent and GDP (P) in 1993 Argentine pesos at market prices. The value chosen for the index I (151.5) is aimed at ensuring an effective GHG emission reduction for Argentina, in a wide range of scenarios, which includes the most likely macro-economic and Agriculture and Livestock Production baseline scenarios.
Status: Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.whrc.org/policy/climate_change/ActionPDF/WHRC7-Argentina.pdf
Argentina: Programa Nacional de Energias y Combustibles Alternativos y Sustentables
To help financing for the development of alternative and sustainable fuels.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.farn.org.ar/bd/ecolegis/tc/2822.html
Argentina: Proyecto de Energia Renovable en el Mercado Electrico Rural (PERMER)
Off-grid electricity concessions. In an effort to compensate for
the off-grid electricity that was not generated by the PAEPRA program
(now expired), the PERMER program was put in place as a component of
the PAEPRA in eight provinces. The PERMER program aims to provide
electricity to 70,000 households and 1,100 public services.
A concessionaire approach is used where a concessionaire obtains the
monopoly of a given province in turn for the obligation to connect the
service when requested by the customers and to maintain its continuity
over the duration of the concession. The concessionaire is chosen via a
competitive bidding process.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: Ended
Funding Information: $120 million projected
References: International Energy Agency: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=1440&action=detail
Argentina: Reducing emissions
Argentina announced a voluntary effort to restrict greenhouse gas emissions within a range of 2 to 10 percent below the projected baseline level during 2008-2012 based on three different GDP growth scenarios. Argentina stated that this target would become an international obligation when the Kyoto Protocol entered into force and when new alternatives were produced to allow non-Annex I countries that adopt voluntary goals to participate in the mechanisms established by the protocol.
Date Implemented: 1999
References: Communication to the UNFCCC http://www.whrc.org/policy/climate_change/ActionPDF/WHRC7-Argentina.pdf
Argentina: Renewable Energies in the Rural Market (PERMER)
The PERMER (Proyecto de Energía Renovable en el Mercado Eléctrico Rural) is to supply modern energy based on renewable sources to dispersed rural populations. PERMER aims at providing electricity for lighting and social communication (radio and TV) to about 70,000 rural households and 1,100 provincial public service institutions through eight private concessionaires using mainly renewable energy systems.
Status: In Force
Funding Information: The estimated total costs of PERMER are US$120.5 million which will be financed by the Bank (US$30 million loan), the GEF (US$10 million grant), the Electricity Investment Development Fund FEDEI (US$26.5 million subsidy to customers), the concessionaires (US$44 million) and the customers (US$10 million), over an implementation period of six years (GEF, 1998a).
References: World Bank,
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/05/17...
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/external/lac/lac.nsf/265a7fff47916d7d85256...
Argentina: Renewable Energy Law
The Argentine statute outlines which sources of renewable energy will qualify for state support, provides tax breaks for renewable energy equipment and offers tariffs for certain renewable resources. It includes promotion of wind, solar, and small hydro power, a fuel cell project, and rural electrification.
The project is designed to:
-identify policies for removing obstacles to renewables development;
-provide better information on natural resources and projects, especially initiatives on biomass residues; and
-adapt the present legal framework to foster the introduction of distributed generation.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: In Force
Target: 8% of electricity from renewables over the next 10 years.
Funding Information: government of Argentina, also partnership with Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP)
References: REEEP: http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=17&content=2663
http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=18
Argentina: Resolución 113/2001 Energía Eléctrica
This policy grants a tax deferment to power stations that use Solar or Wind generation for capacity installation or expansion.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.farn.org.ar/bd/ecolegis/tc/2822.html
Argentina: Resolución 1237/02 Apruébanse los procedimientos de ensayo y límites máximos para los distintos contaminantes, en relación con la aprobación de emisiones gaseosas y sus extensiones, para motores del ciclo Otto, alimentados a GNC que equipen vehículos pesados.
The government set emissions limits for CNG fed motors for heavy vehicles in accordance with European Standards. It also set up the procedural framework for testing and certification.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/
Argentina: Resolución 708/96 Normas de medición de concentración de gases y material particulado emitidos por chimenea.
Argentina adpoted international norms and standards for measuring gas concentrations and particulate matter emitted by chimneys. The policy does not appear to involve any regulatory instruments.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: In Force
References: www2.medioambiente.gov.ar/mlegal/aire/res708_96.htm
Policies in Brazil:
Brazil: Administrative Directive no 227
Electrobras should hold a public call for proposals to identify the surplus energy available from cogeneration (to bring it to market) and should establish mechanisms for purchase of surplus electricity.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Biodiesel Program
Drawing on the exerience gained with the Proalcool program, Brazil has instituted a biofuels program as well. This program promotes the manufacture of biodiesel, a biodegradable fuel derived from animal fats and vegitable oils, to be a total or partial substitute for petroleum diesel in standard diesel engines for vehicles or for motors for power or heat generation. A 2% biodiesel blend can be used without the need for any alteration and still maintaining the validity of the factory warranty. The regulatory flexability of the program allows participation by large argobusiness corporations as well as small family farms and businesses. The government is supporting this “Social Fuel” through a differentiated tax regime - in order to qualify for the tax credit, an industrial producer must recieve the seal of “Social Fuel” by purchacing feedstock from family farms and entering an agreement with them establishing income levels, and guaranteeing technical assistance and training.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: In 2004-2005, Brazil’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT) was allocated a budget of US$5.7 million to invest in research on biodiesel and industrial processes. The National Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES) is supporting the program - offering, for example, a 25% extension of the total loan payoff period for the purchase of machinery that uses at least 20% biodiesel fuel.
References: “Biodiesel: the New Fuel from Brazil”, Brazilian government; Brazzil Magazine
Brazil: Efficiency in Energy Use Program (CONSERVE)
A program designed to provide low-interest loans to industrial firms for investments in oil conservation and/or substitution. Financed projects for rationalization of energy use in industries, mobilizing a broad government effort.
Date Implemented:1981
Status: Voluntary
Funding Information: Administered by the National Economic and Social Development Bank (BMDES)
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC;
IRDC’s project description, Industrial Energy Conservation in Brazil – The case of CONSERVE, http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-69633-201_850342-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html
Brazil: Electric Sector Model- Law 10.848/2004
Motivated by the necessity to adapt the sector to the post-deregulation environment, the National Congress approved a new financial and regulatory model for the electric sector involving operations, bidding on and trading electric energy. Also creates new governmental agencies, such as the Energy Research Company (EPE), Electric System Monitoring Committee (CMSE), and the Electric Power Chamber of Commerce (CCEE).
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force;
References: http://www.gruporede.com.br/arquivos/english/the_eletric_sector_in_brazi...
Brazil: Electrical Sector Act 10.438/2002
Important legislation for the diversification of the national energy portfolio. Insures universal access to electric power until 2015. Extends RGR (Global Reservation Reserve) until 2010; Guarantees power sale contracts to the first 3300 MW of projects which use renewable technologies (wind, biomass and small hydro). Under the program, Electrobrás buys electricity produced from the various renewable resources under contracts of up to 15 years. Also establishes the Energy Development Account (CDE) primarily to promote universal access to electricity.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Country Analysis Briefs: Brazil Expanded Environment Section; Ministerio de Minas e Energia de Brasil, PROFINA
Brazil: RGR - Global Reversion Reserve (Law No. 5.655/71, section 4, Law No. 9.427 - section 13).
This tax was designed to “provide funds for reversion, merger, expansion and improvement of energy public services.” It is incorporated into the rates for distribution to be paid by users of the electrical utility’s system.
Date Implemented: 1971
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Obligations and Taxes, Duke Energy, Brasil http://www.duke-energy.com.br/IN/Negocios/guiadoclientelivre/negocios_en...
Brazil: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction in Brazilian Industry (GERBI)
This program aims to support Brazilian industry to create market-based transactions that use energy efficiency to reduce GHG emissions.
Funding Information: World Bank, Candadian International Development Agency
References: http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/INET/IMAGES.NSF/vLUImages/Performancereview6/$file/CCCDF-English.pdf
http://3countryee.org/Paris/ProjectFindings_Govindarajalu.pdf
Brazil: India-Brazil-South Africa Declaration on Clean Energy
The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) trilateral development initiative began in 2003 to promote South-South initiatives on development, trade/investment, information exchange and cooperation in areas including agriculture, energy, health, and climate change. The second IBSA summit was held in October 2007. At this summit, the three countries reached agreement to work together in the promotion of nuclear energy, clean energy technologies and other renewable energies and in the endorsement of climate change mitigation. The countries agreed to pool resources to ensure a secure supply of safe, sustainable and non-polluting energy to meet global demand, particularly in developing countries. The declaration indicated that cooperation would include clean coal technologies and renewable energies such as biomass and innovative ways to transfer, develop and commercialise clean energy.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force
References: International Energy Agency http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=3767&action=detail
Brazil: Industrial local pollutant emissions offset law
Provides for the establishment of Air Emissions offset law (São Paulo) Reduction Programmes in areas with restricted
air quality. Also povides tax incentives and low-interest loans for efficient technologies
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Mandatory
References: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/docs/weo2006/Brazil.pdf http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=cc&id=3431&action=detail
Brazil: Inter-ministerial Commission on Climate Change (CIMGC)
The Inter-ministerial Commission on Climate Change (CIMGC), composed of nine ministries and headed by the Ministry of Science and Technology, was established in 1999 for the purpose of co-ordinating discussions on climate change and integrating the government’s policies in these ministries. The CIMGC provides input on the governments involvement with the UNFCCC and sets criteria and makes decisions on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force
References: http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/14666.html
Brazil: International Action Programme (IAP), Brazil’s Hydropower Programme
Regulatory frame is defined in law, approved on March 2004. Implementation of projects depends on public auction in order to guarantee both lower tariffs to the final consumers and smaller environmental impacts. All of them should have a Previous License (environmental) to take part in that auction. Projects will be able to add 2,819 MW to the Brazilian interconnected system. Contracts will be signed among distribution utilities and project developers, selected by the aforementioned auction, and there will a guaranteed PPA Power Purchase Agreement of a period of 15-30 years.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=32
Brazil: International Action Programme (IAP), Ethanol Green Fuel Production in Brazil
To transfer technology and know how in production, processing, distribution and use of ethanol either by itself or in mixture with gasoline, laying the foundation for international trade in green fuels.
Status: Framework Policy
Funding Information: Public/private partnerships.
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=35
Brazil: Law no. 9648
This policy provides incentives to small hydro facilities (less than 30MW). They are exempt from paying Financial Compensation for the use of water resources. They receive a reduction of 50% on transmission and distribution tariffs and can sell energy directly to any consumer with more than 500kW and are exempt from the public bidding process, requiring only authorization from ANEEL. And in cases where thermal generation is replaced with hydroelectric generation, the plants can avail themselves of the resources of the CCC (Fuel Consumption Cost Account).
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC;
EVALUATION OF SHPs IN THE BRAZILIAN ELECTRIC ENERGY MARKET
Brazil: Law no. 9991
This policy outlines the compulsory nature of R&D investment in renewable energy sources - “the 1% obligation”. It obliges the holder of concessions and permissions for public services of electricity distribution to allocate annually at least 0.75%of their net operational revenues in R&D in the electricity sector, and at least 0.25% in end use efficiency programs. Until Dec 31, 2005 the minimum investment will be 0.5%, both for R&D and for energy efficiency programs in energy supply and use. Companies that generate electricity solely from wind-driven, solar, or biomass facilities, and small hydroelectric plants are exempt from this obligation through the end of 2005.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Luz no Campo - Light in the Countryside Rural Electrification program
The largest rural electrification program undertaken in Brazil, Luz no Campo intended to electrify one million rural homes in a three year period.
Date Implemented: 1999
Funding Information:Initial estimates forecasted a required investment of around $1 billion, or nearly $1000/new consumer. Rural consumers were typically expected to pay the full costs of the connection spread over a number of years. Luz-no-Campo lended 75% of the investment to concessionaires at 6% interest, with a two-year grace period and a five to ten year repayment period.
Target: The goal of the first stage (by 2002) was to electrify one million rural homes
References: IEA, http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=jr&id=1477
Brazil: Luz para todos
Demonstration projects. Energy will be free for low-income consumers, and for residential consumers with consumption less than 80kW/month, tariffs will be reduced.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: The program’s calculated cost is $7billion. This sum will be achieved through a partnership of the federal government, state agencies and energy distributors. The federal government will designate $5.3 billion. The project is also supported by USAID funding.
Target: full electrification in the country by 2008
References: Expanding Access to Electricity in Brazil; Programa Luz Para Todos, Ministerio de Minas e Energia de Brasil
Brazil: National Alcohol Program (PROALCOOL) Decree no 76.593
Public sector subsidies and tax breaks helped get the program started: farmers planted more sugar cane, investors built distilleries to convert the crop to ethanol and automakers designed cars to run on 100 percent alcohol. The government financed a distribution network to get the fuel to gas stations and kept alcohol prices low to entice consumers. In the 1990s, the government gradually withdrew its subsidies and lifted price controls on ethanol when cheap oil prices and ethanol shortages caused consumers to switch back to gasoline. Today, the price difference between gasoline mixed with ethanol and hydrated alcohol is defined by the Government (minus 30% for hydrated alcohol). The percentage of the mixture of ethanol with gasoline is set at 25%. The policy requires close coordination among all sectors involved: the Ministry of Agriculture and sugarcane planters, the Ministry of Science and Technology and research centres, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, the automobile industry, Ministry of Mines and Energy, PETROBRÁS, the fuel distributors, and the gas stations, the Ministries of Finance and Planning, the Ministry of Environment and automobile owners.
Date Implemented: 1974
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Milestones: By the mid-1980s, virtually all new cars sold in Brazil ran exclusively on ethanol. Today, ethanol accounts for about 40 percent of the fuel that Brazilians pump into their vehicles, compared with about 3 percent in the United States.
References:
The Embassy of Brazil in India, http://brazilembassyinindia.com/proalcool.htm;
“Fuel supply helps Brazil breathe easy,” Baltimore Sun 06/20/2005
http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bal-ethanol0620,1,5894730.story?col...
Brazil: National Electrical Energy Conservation Program (PROCEL) Administrative Directive no. 1877
Policy to combat waste in the production and use of electrical energy. Measures include: Consumption labeling to inform consumers, influence purchasing decisions and induce manufacturers to make efficient products; Energy diagnostics/ audits to assess energy use and efficiency; Supporting R&D of efficient technologies/products; Marketing to strengthen the PROCEL trademark; Replacing incandescent lamps in public lighting with mercury vapor and high pressure sodium vapor lamps that consume 75% less energy; Promoting efficient lighting and appliances in government and residential buildings; Measures to reduce losses in electrical system; Actions to reduce electricity demand during peak hours; Offering training courses, seminars, and conferences to industrial and commercial consumers, concession-holder staff and public organizations to combat energy waste. PROCEL also helps utilities obtain low-interest financing for major energy efficiency projects from a revolving loan fund within the electric sector.
Date Implemented: 1985
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: 1/3 of PROCEL’s resources go toward R&D - allowing market access to more efficient end use equipment. As of 1998, PROCEL’s core budget for grants, staff, and consultants was approximately $20 million, with approximately $140 million per year going towards project financing.
References:
National Communication to the UNFCCC; Energy Efficiency Policies and Indicators, Annex I - Case Studies on Energy Efficiency Policy Measures, Case studies on economic and fiscal incentives: Brazil,
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/eepi/a1_incenti...
Brazil: National Policy for Conservation and Rational Use of Energy - Law no 10,295
The Executive branch establishes maximum levels of specific consumption of energy or minimum energy efficiencies for machines and appliances manufactured or sold in Brazil.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: National Program for the Rational Use of Natural Gas and Oil Products (CONPET)
Umbrella legislation for a variety of projects aimed at reducing losses and eliminating waste in energy production and use, encouraging the adoption of more energy efficient technologies and delay the need for new investment in electrical stations and oil refineries. The Program targets the transport, industrial and commercial/residential sectors, setting energy efficiency indexes, reviewing technical standards, demonstrating incentives to reduce fuel consumption, and increasing public awareness about energy efficiency.
Date Implemented:1991
Status: In Force
Targets: To obtain a 25% gain in energy efficiency in the use of oil products and natural gas in the next 20 years without affecting the level or diversity of economic activity
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Energy Efficiency Label
Part of CONPET, these efficiency labels recognize the light vehicles with the best energy performance in their class.
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Green Label
Part of CONPET, the green label of energy efficiency recognizes domestic appliances with the best energy performance in their class.
Status: Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Project Economizar
Part of CONPET, this project for the rational use of energy coordinates government efforts with the private sector, supporting freight and passenger transport companies in implementing measures to improve the use of diesel oil.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: Voluntary
Milestones: Efforts have seen up to 14% reduction in specific consumption of diesel oil in participating fleets, which translates to 144 million liters/year and 402Gg/year of CO2 not emitted into the atmosphere.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Project SIGA BEM
Part of CONPET, under this project the government disseminates instruction materials and free vehicle maintenance at service sites on the highway to motivate truckers to save fuel and monitor and analyze their consumption.
Date Implemented:1994
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: National Programme for Energy Development of States and Municipalities (PRODEEM)
The Program of Energy Development of States and Cities- PRODEEM, is an initiative that aims to take electric energy to agricultural communities using renewable resources. The government procures the necessary equipment and distributes it to the states and municipalities identified/chosen for projects. The projects focus on community development (schools, community centers, health facilities) rather than household electrification.
Date Implemented: 1994
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: For the implementation of the Action Plan, the IDB supported a US$9million grant. From 1996-2000 national treasury funds financed $21million reals, and the total budget for 2001 was another 60million reals. Also in 2001, 3,000 community systems were financed through international bidding, with a winning bid of 37 million reals for equipment, installation, operation and 3 years of maintenance.
Milestones: The aim was to develop 20,000 MW of renewable energy capacity to power schools, health centers, community centers and water pump systems
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Centro de Referência para Energia Solar e Eólica Sérgio de Salvo Brito: PRODEEM; IEA,
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=1476&action=detail
http://www.ises.org/cdm/workshop/docs/Brazil_C_DoValle.pdf
Brazil: Oil Production Program
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: PROBIODIESEL - Brazilian Program of Technological Development for Biodiesel
The National Association of the Automotive Vehicles Manufacturers (ANFAVEA) has committed itself to maintaining the diesel engines? warranties even with the addition of 2% biodiesel to mineral diesel, which will become compulsory on the 13th of January 2008. With such a measure, the government intends to create a biodiesel demand of 800 million liters/year. From 2012 on, the addition grows up to 5%. The Program also envisions exporting the biodiesel, depending on production levels and on the growth and consolidation of an international market.The government is developing a criteria for the implantation of social incentive instruments. The idea is to encourage the cultivation of castor beans and palm by family farmers and in the less developed regions of the country. Indeed, the government will confer social certificates on producers who encourage the participation of family farmers in the biofuel production process. With these social certificates, producers will be eligible for benefits such as tax incentives. Moreover, the Brazilian government established in August 2005 a resolution through the National Council for Energy Policy (CNPE) determining that the biodiesel production will be bought by the National Agency of Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP). One of these measures is a 25% extension in the total loan payoff period for the purchase of machinery that uses at least 20% biodiesel fuel. The Biodiesel Program intends therefore not only to add a new fuel to the country’s energy matrix, but also to do that on the basis of self-sustainable projects that take into account price, quality, supply reliability and social inclusion. Besides its use for transport, biodiesel can also be used to generate electricity in remote communities, which represents a key opportunity for biomass use. Measures of government to induce the formation of the market: 1) creation of the regulatory landmark (Law of January/2005), creating a compulsory demand of at least 800 million liters/ year; 2) Establishment of lower cost financing lines through the National Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES). 3) accomplishment of auction of ANP 4) Acquisition of 70 million liters in 2006 of biodiesel produced by familiar agriculture (prices within R$ 1,92 and 1,80) aiming to establish a market event before the 2% compulsory demand.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: The Brazilian government planned to spend US$ 2.6 mm in 2003.
Target: The target is adding 5% of biodiesel in all supply of diesel over the country, from 2005 on, as well as the alcohol mixed to gasoline today. Avoids emissions of around 2.5 tonnes CO2/m3 of biodiesel used.
References:
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3437&action=detail
Brazil: Programme of Incentives for Alternative Electricity Sources (PROINFA) Programa de Incentivo a Fontes Alternativas de Energia Elétrica- Law 10438
The first stage will promote the use of renewable technologies (specifically wind, biomas and small hydro) through incentives and subsidies. Once the first phase objectives have been achieved, in the second phase, the program aims to increase renewables’ share of annual energy consumption to 10%. Also in this phase, participating plants will be required to issue Renewable Energy Certificates annually in proportion to the amount of clean energy they produce.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: The first phase subsidies/incentives will be funded from the Energy Development Account. Consumers pay into this account through an increase on energy bills (from which low-income sectors are exempt). Also the Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES, the Brazilian National Development Bank) has special financing available for these renewable projects as well (up to 70% of capital costs (excluding site acquisition and imported goods and services) at the basic national interest rates plus 2% of basic spread and up to 1.5% of risk spread. No interest charged during construction )
Target: PROINFA will introduce 3,300MW of renewable energy (wind, biomass cogeneration and micro-hydropower ) by 2007. Once this target has been met, stage II will aim to increase the share of energy produced by renewable sources to 10% of total annual energy consumption within 20 years.
Milestones: By early 2005 the first phase was finshed and 3,300 MW were completed (1,266 MW Solar, 655 MW Biomass, 1,379 Wind)
References: IEA,
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=1474&action=detail
http://www.ises.org/cdm/workshop/docs/Brazil_C_DoValle.pdf
Brazil: Projeto Ribeirinhas
The project aims to study the viability of providing energy to small, rural communities particularly in the Amazon region, using microsystems that provide renewable energy in a sustainable manner.
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://www.eletrobras.gov.br/EM_Programas_Ribeirinhas/default.asp
Brazil: Reluz
Ministry of Mines and Energy with Electrobras and the National Electrical Energy Agency (ANEEL) intend to improve the efficiency of 9 million points of public lighting and create 2 million new efficient spots.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Target: To save 2.4 TWh/year and reduce charge in 540MW in peak time.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3425&action=detail
Brazil: Resolution 245 (Law No. 5.899/73, section 13, Law No. 9.648, section 11)
Establishes the conditions for the distribution of the Fuel Concessionaire Account (CCC) to electricity generating undertakings implemented in isolated electricity systems, that either replace power produced from fossil fuel or meet new load demand.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force
References:
http://www.geocities.com/renovarbr/legislation_cde.htmlhttp://www.ises.o...
Brazil: Resolution ANEEL 219
Offered a discount of 50% for electricity tariffs to utilities generating electricity from wind and biomass – a benefit already previously awarded to small hydro.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.afrepren.org/project/gnesd/esdsi/brazil.pdf
Brazil: Resolution no 112
This resolution establishes the requirements for obtaining the registration or authorization for the implementation, expansion or refitting of thermoelectric, wind or photovoltaic generating stations and of other alternative energy sources destined for selling energy under the form of independent production, exclusive use or execution of a public service. Stations with a generating capacity of less than 5MW only require registration; authorization is required for stations with greater than 5MW generating capacity
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Restructuring energy market
Under the new policy two energy trading markets were created: a regulated pool which buys power from generators and shares the costs between distributors under set prices; and a free-market environment where distributors and generators can negotiate their own contracts. Three new bodies were created: the Company for Energy Research (Empresa de Pesquisa Energetica -EPE), responsible for long term research and planning of the power sector; the Chamber of Electric Energy Commercialization (Camara de Comercializacao de Energia Eletrica - CCEE), to oversee trading in the pool; and the Electric Sector Monitoring Committee (Comite de Monitoramento de Setor Electico -CMSE), responsible for overseeing the security of supply in Brazil. These three bodies are expected to afford the government additional influence on the country’s electricity sector. Finally, electricity pricing will be determined by pooling cheaper hydroelectricity with more expensive thermoelectric plants (natural gas), hopefully reducing electricity tariffs and ensuring power is purchased from the newly constructed thermal plants. All of Brazil’s 64 distributors will now buy power at a single price generated from the new pricing formula.
Date Implemented: 2004
References: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/brazil.html
Brazil: Selective Incentive Programme for Solar Water heating in Sao Paulo Municipality
São Paulo, solar water heating mandatory in large residences after 2010 [this is not mentioned in the Legislative Proposal 276/06].
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Mandatory by 2010
References: Legislative Proposal (Projeto de Lei) 276/2006, 28 April 2006
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=3432&action=detail
Brazil: Sol Brasil
Sol Brasil is a program of the Ministry of Science and Technology designed to increase the use of solar water heating. Its initiatives and activities include a marketing scheme, qualification/certification standards for solar water heater installers, and R&D support and incentives to promote innovation with SWH companies.
Status: In Force
Funding Information:The funding for Sol Brasil comes from the Solar Fund, developed using resources rom the Electric Sector Fund of the Ministry of Science and Technology (from contributions from utilities)
Brazil: Tax incentive for small engines
Tax incentive for the production of models with engines under 1,000cc
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/work/2006/indicators_apr26/Schaefer_Brazil.p...
Brazil: Thermal Electric Program
This program is intended to transform the Brazilian energy matrix, and will increase the generation of thermoelectric energy by 7 - 20% in the next 10 years. This change will confer more reliability to energy generation plants, avoiding the risk of energy deficits caused by water level reduction in the reservoirs of hydroelectric plants.
Date Implemented: 1999
Funding Information: it is estimated that the program will count on investments of R$ 12 billion. The The National Bank of Social and Economic Development (BNDES) will participate of the program, financing up to 30% of the total cost of the enterprise for the construction of plants.
Target: To increase available energy in the country by more than 15 thousand Megawatts with the inauguration of 49 thermoelectric plants in 18 Brazilian states by the year 2003.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.brasilemb.org/trade_investment/trade_naturalgas.shtml
Brazil: Wind Energy Emergency Program (PROEOLICA) This program supported the development of wind energy.
Date Implemented: 2001 Status: In Force
Target: Implementation of 1.050 MW of grid connected wind energy by the end of 2003
References: World Bank Project ID document
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3426&action=detail
Brazil: Yellow Tariff
State Policy of Minas Gerias - installation of seasonal meters and surcharging electricity consumed in peak hours. Residential customers using more than 200 kWh/month and commercial customers consuming more than 500 kWh/month will have special metering equipment installed in order to allow application of the new tariff.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://tdworld.com/mag/power_distribution_demand_side/
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1999/10/11/000094946_99092110080485/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txt
Policies in China:
China: 10th Five Year Plan
The 10th Five-Year Plan continues to elaborate goals for the sustainable economic and social development of China. Energy related objectives focus on the development of clean-burning, substitution and efficient technologies. It elaborates certain means, including clean fuels demonstration projects, implementing energy efficiency standards and a labeling/identification system, formulating efficiency incentives, and introducing ‘Energy Conservation Publicity Week’
Date Implemented: 2001-2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Funding Information:
Targets: Beijing plans to reduce China’s total emissions by 10%. By 2005, the energy consumption of 10,000 yuan GDP shall be reduced to 2.2 tons of standard coal (according to the fixed price in 1990).
References: US Department of State, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm
Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.chinacp.com/eng/cppolicystrategy/10th_5_energy.htm
China: Brightness Program
Decentralized electrification of rural areas through renewables
Date Implemented: 1996-1999
Targets: Wind and solar equipment is to be installed to provide 100W of electricity per capita to eight million people, as part of the Central Government Poverty Alleviation Meeting.
References: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35787.pdf
China: 11th Five-Year Plan
The programming period is divided into the Eleventh Five Year Plan period running to 2010 and the period from 2010 to 2020. The energy conservation objectives and the focus of development by 2010 are essentially planned, whereas the objectives stated for 2020 are proposed. In its “alternative oil strategy,” which is part of the Five-Year Plan, Beijing has called for a doubling in renewable energy generation to 15% of the country’s needs by 2020, including major increases in wind power and biomass.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/guideline/156529.htm
http://www.gov.cn/english/special/115y_index.htm
China: 3 self policies
The 3-selfs scheme is the main component of the government’s rural electrification with small hydro power program. “Self construction,” “self-management,” and “self consumption” promote self reliance within rural populations.
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: China New Energy: Policy and Plan
http://www.newenergy.org.cn/english/policy/
China: Air Cleaning Program – Clean Automobile Action
To promote clean automobiles
Milestones: By the end of 2003, 16 demonstration sites for clean automobiles had been set up
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC
China: Asian Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
APP partners Australia, Canada, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, and the United States have agreed to work together and with private sector partners to meet goals for energy security, national air pollution reduction, and climate change in ways that promote sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. The Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate is an innovative new effort to accelerate the development and deployment of clean energy technologies. The APP has a number of projects in member countries designed to implement or improve new technologies, better policies, and mutual cooperation. In addition to renewable energy, the APP focuses on manufacturing sectors like steel and cement.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Framework Agreement
References: http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/default.htm
China: Beijing pollution reduction measures
Beijing municipal government mandated that city vehicles convert to liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas. By 2002, Beijing had the largest fleet of natural gas buses in the world - a total of 1,630 vehicles. Subway and light rail systems in Beijing also are being expanded.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: China, http://www.eia.doe.gov/
http://www.iges.or.jp/APEIS/RISPO/inventory/db/pdf/0014.pdf
China: Brightness Program
The Brightness Program includes the Township and Village Electrification Programs and is designed to bring electricity to rural areas and help alleviate poverty. China is focusing its efforts in the western provinces including Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Qunghai, Gansu, and Xinjiang. The Township Electrification Program targets 1065 towns to be provided with either solar or small scale hydro power.
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Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: Government spent 50 million US$ from 2001-2005. Other costs expected to be covered by users and government grants. Assistance from Germany and Holland.
Target: to provide electricity to 8 million people initially, and later 23 million people by 2010 using renewable energy and eventually provide 100 watts per person.
References:NREL; http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35790.pdf
China: Cleaner Production Promotion Law
Requires local governments to develop and implement cleaner production plans and periodically release pamphlets and guidebooks with instructions. Encourages research and development of cleaner technologies and processes and the dissemination of information and awareness about clean prodcution through educational programs and television/media outlets. Formulates tax incentives and otherwise supports the research and development of clean technologies. Requires technological upgrades and certain standards in building, construction and production. Established demonstration programs for pollution remediation in ten major Chinese cities, and designated several river valleys as priority areas.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: China http://www.eia.doe.gov/
http://www.chinacp.com/eng/cppolicystrategy/cp_law2002.html
China: Consumption tax
Beijing is retooling its tax structure to incentivize the consumption of smaller, more efficient and less polluting cars. Under the current structure, there are 3 categories for engine size, while the new structure will likely have five. Buyers of low or zero-emission vehicles will be exempted from taxes while those who purchase bigger cars will pay higher taxes. (Current avg vehicle tax: 3-8 per cent levied on auto producers. New tax on bigger cars could be as high as 15-20 per cent.)
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Planned; Mandatory
Targets: growth of clean vehicle market/industry
References: China Daily News stories: Wu Chong: “Buyers of big cars will pay more tax” 11/25/05; Fu Jing “Buyers of small cars to enjoy big tax breaks” 11/9/05
China: Conversion of Exhaust Heat and Pressure
Within the 11th Five Year Period (2006 - 2010), the Chinese government has mandated the efficient use of exhaust, pressure and heat from mining and industrial processes. Iron and steel enterprises will
- apply coke dry quenching (CDQ) and power generation through the pressure difference in blast furnace, renovate all blast furnace gas power generation and implement converter gas recovery to save 2.66 million tons of standard coal;
- install each year 30 sets of medium-and-low-temperature exhaust-heat power generation equipment in concrete production lines with a daily yield of 2,000 tons;
- exploit ground coalbed gas (CBG), extracting and draining gas in ground mined-out areas, discarded mines and below the grand surface, to realize an annual gas application of one billion cubic meters, equivalent to saving 1.35 million tons of standard coal.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2518&action=detail
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China: Design Standards
The technical design standards for efficiency, implemented by the Chinese government, include primarily, Grading of Insulation of the Outside Windows of Buildings and Its Testing Method, Design Standards for Energy Conservation in Civil buildings, for Lighting in Civil Buildings, for Thermal Engineering in Civil Buildings, for Energy Conservation in Thermal Engineering and Air Ventilation in Tourist Hotel Buildings, for Energy Conservation in the Residential Buildings in Areas Unusually Hot in Summer and Cold in Winter, and for Renovation of Existing Residential Buildings
Date Implemented: tested on a limited basis beginning in 1994; implemented in 1996 revised in 2005-2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Milestones: The first standards required that all new buildings cut energy costs by 50 percent. However, by the end of 2000, only 5 percent of all new construction had met the standards. The revised standards call for increased enforcement of the standards, and by 2010, more than one-third of new buildings will be required to cut energy consumption by up to 50 percent. By 2020, all the new buildings will be expected to reduce energy use by 65 percent.
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Mar/121609.htm
China: Efficiency Upgrade for Appliance Production and Public Lighting
Aiming to reduce electricity consumption by 29 billion kilowatt-hours over the 11th Five-Year Period, China has mandated the promotion of high-efficiency lighting systems and three-primary-color phosphorous in public facilities, hotels, shopping centers, office buildings, and sports venues; and the renovation of production and assembly lines of high-efficiency electronic appliances. In 2004, lighting required 13% of China’s total power. As stated by the National Development and Reform Commission, 70 to 80% of power can be saved by replacing ordinary incandescent lamps with high-efficiency energy-saving fluorescent lamps and 20 to 30 percent can be saved by replacing traditional electromagnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts. In traffic lights, 90 percent of power used can be saved by replacing incandescent lamps with light emitting diodes (LEDs).
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: Conservation of 29 billion kilowatt-hours by 2010
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2523&action=detail
China: Electric Power Law
This law emphasizes government support of small hydropower systems, solar energy, wind, geothermal, biomass, and other renewable energy resources for rural electrification.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: Framework Policy
References: Energy and Power in China: Domestic Regulation and Foreign Policy, The Foreign Policy Centre, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/448.pdf
China: Electricity Generates Electricity
Profits from existing small hydorpower stations and grids has to be used to build more SHP. The government also set up a VAT of 6% of tax preference for SHP stations.
Status: Mandatory
References: http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/storyprint.asp?sc=2024707
China: Electricity price increase
China’s top pricing and tax decision-making group has developed a pricing system for electricity generated by renewable energy. The plan requires raising the tarrif - the set price at which generators of electricity can sell their power to grid companies. The rate increase will vary by region depending on the level of economic development. The customer will be paying the additional cost of producing RE.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Planned; Mandatory
References: China Daily News story: Wang Ying “New pricing system for green electricity” 11/17/05
China: End-Use Energy Efficiency Programme (EUEEP)
EUEEP is part of a 12-year government plan to dramatically improve the efficiency of China’s major energy users: commercial and residential buildings, heavy industries such as iron, steel, cement, and petrochemicals. The EUEEP is designed to support develop and implement a comprehensive system of policies and regulations for energy conservation. These will range from technological innovations to creation and revision of design codes to the development of training materials and energy conservation guidelines for architects, engineers, and industrial managers to improve the efficiency of industrial equipment such as electric motors and boilers, household, appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines, as well as office automation equipment . The UNDP and the GEF, in partnership with government agencies, research institutes, bilateral donor countries, non-governmental organizations, and enterprises, will also help introduce and test new technologies, methodologies, and market-based mechanisms and tools.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status:Planned; Voluntary
Funding Information: Phase I: UNDP Inputs: GEF US$17,000,000; Donor Inputs: Private Sector US$32,000,000; Government Inputs: US$31,350,000
References: http://www.undp.org.cn/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&cat...
China: Energy Conservation in Buildings
Within its 11th Five-Year Period, China plans to reduce residential and public buildings’ energy consumption by 50%, saving 50 million tons of standard coal. The federal plan for energy conservation in buildings formally mandates:
- the quick technical reform of heat-supply systems nation-wide;
- renewed efforts to promoting building energy efficiency technology and related products; and
- renovation of existing buildings in the nation’s cold northern regions, with particular focus on hotels.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2522&action=detail
China: Energy Conservation in Government
To improve the energy efficiency of government institutions during the 11th Five-Year Period, China required several reforms of government operation:
- During reconstruction of government buildings - including heating, air-conditioning and lighting systems - 20 percent of the total construction area must meet the national building energy efficiency standard.
- Government procurement must promote high-efficiency products and publish their list.
- Government vehicle purchases must focus on low-oil-consuming vehicles.
With these mandates, the Chinese state aims to save energy by 10% per unit construction area and per capita, relative to 2002.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: Energy conservation of 10% per unit construction area and per capita, relative to 2002
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2524&action=detail
China: Energy Conservation Law
Broadly, this law covers the promotion of energy conservation and efficiency, and of productivity in industry. The law seeks to promote energy conservation activities throughout society, increase the economic benefits from energy efficiency measures, protect the environment, ensure economic and social development, and meet the needs of households. The law codifies China’s approach to promoting energy efficiency under a more market-oriented economic system. The law states that the government should encourage energy efficiency, as well as the development and use of new and renewable energy, formulate energy conservation policy, compile energy conservation plans, and incorporate them into the economic and social development plans of the nation, develop policies and plans that ensure rational energy utilization, and coordinate those plans with environmental protection and economic growth, stimulate and support technology R&D and scientific research in energy conservation as well as application and dissemination, and strengthen educational activities and propaganda in energy conservation. Formulation of specific rules and methods is left to planning and implementing organizations of the central and local governments. Under the implementation process for the Energy Conservation Law, the SETC published a list of energy-intensive equipment that was to be taken out of service, including small fossil fuel fired power plants, obsolete transportation equipment, and vehicles in urban areas over 15 years old. The SETC also issued guidance on the investment of central government funds and on the level of energy efficiency to be achieved by plants of specific size. Also, the Policy Outline for Energy Conserving Technologies laid out a set of specific technical goals, e.g., abolition of certain types of equipment and adoption of particular technologies for specific sectors and for products, such as boilers and electric motors.
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Framework policy
References: Compendium on Energy Conservation Legislation, UN, http://www.unescap.org/esd/energy/publications/compend/ceccpart1chapter1... EIA China’s Environmental Issues,
Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001)
China: Energy cooperation with Russia
Chinese president Hu Jintau and Russian President Vladimir Putin agreed to deepen energy cooperation. Russian Gazprom will build necessary pipelines to supply gas to China. This cooperation will benefit China by providing increased access to energy supplies. As well, any effort to consume fossil fuels other than coal will benefit the environment.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Planned; Mandatory
Funding Information: Pipelines will cost ~$10 billion
Targets: gas pipelines linking to both west and east China - first deliveries estimated around 2011. Eventual supply: 60-80 billion cubic meters of gas/yr
References: Reuters news story March21, 2006 “Russia and China promise energy cooperation” by Tom Miles
China: Energy Efficient Products for Government Procurement - Publication of Official Listing
The Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission published a formal list of energy efficient products for public procurement. Certified by a Chinese certification organization, the list of products will be issued as the List of Energy Efficient Products for Government Procurement, or simply the Energy Efficiency List.
The Energy Efficiency List: Refrigerators, Room Air Conditioners, Double Capped Fluorescents for General Service Lighting, Self-ballasted Fluorescents for General Service Lighting, Televisions, Computers, Printers, Toilets and Faucets.
When procuring products from a category appearing on the Energy Efficiency List, federal, state and municipal agents must give priority to the energy efficient products on the Energy Efficiency List. In government procurement activities, the procurement officer must make explicit the assessment standards for product energy efficiency requirements, conditions for product qualification, and priority of energy efficiency procurement in all tender documents (including negotiation documents and price request documents).
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2515&action=detail
China: Energy Label
Household refrigerators and room air conditionings without this label were forbidden to be sold in Chinese market after March, 1st, 2005.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://mail.mtprog.com/CD_Layout/Day_2_22.06.06/1400-1545/ID7_Minghong_f...
China: Enhanced Efficiency Monitoring and Auditing: Development of Efficiency Centers
Within the 11th Five-Year Period, China aims to boost the capability of provincial efficiency monitoring centers of provinces and principal energy-consuming industries. Such support appears as renovation of monitoring equipment, personnel training and promotion of contractual energy management.
Liable under federal law, the centers of monitoring and auditing must develop and provide package services of efficiency diagnosis, design, financing, renovation, operation and management, for enterprises, government institutions and schools.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Multi-sectoral Framework Policy
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2525&action=detail
China: Environmental Protection Law
Establishes framework for protecting the environment, including setting standards, assessing (and limiting) environmental impact, fines for pollution, and bans on polluting technologies/facilities.
Date Implemented: 1989
Status: In Force; Framework Policy, Mandatory
References: Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China
http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/34356.htm
China: Gasoline price increase
In may of 2006, Beijing enacted the largest ever one-off increase in the fixed/mandated price of gasoline in China. Overnight the price increased 12 cents to approximately $2.40/gallon.
Date Implemented: May 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: news article by Richard McGregor in Beijing May 24, 2006
China: Government notice to encourage environmentally-friendly, low-emission cars
This notice encouraged the use of environmentally-friendly, low-emission cars and called on manufacturers to invest more in development and production of environmentally-friendly and low-emission engines and automobiles, such as small cars, diesel-powered vehicles and those using new fuel sources. The notice urged government departments to use tax breaks and preferential oil-pricing policies to encourage consumers to buy such cars and advocated lower parking charges for small vehicles. It also demanded government departments remove all limitations on the use of small cars in the transportation and taxi sectors.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/154117.htm
China: Green Insurance System
China is beginning a trial phase of requiring insurance for companies that produce or use high- risk chemical products. Companies that have been prone to accidents recently will be targeted. This measure is intended to help victims of polluting industries receive timely and appropriate compensation. The insurance would prevent companies from going bankrupt after a serious environmental accident, but still give them incentive to lower their insurance costs by increasing their safety standards.
Date Implemented: 2008 trial period. Full scale implementation by 2015
Status: In Force; Trial period
References: http://english.gov.cn/2008-02/18/content_892569.htm
China: Green Lighting Program
The program involves promoting the development and market penetration of efficient and clean lighting sources, including low interest loans for the lighting industry, education campaigns, and pilot/demonstration projects.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: Ended; Voluntary
Targets: The short-term objective was to increase the stock of efficient lighting products by 300 million by 2000.
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC;
http://www.aceee.org/pubs/i991.htm
China: IFC’s China Utility-Based Energy Efficiency Finance program
CHUEE supports marketing, development and equipment financing services to energy users in the commercial, industrial, institutional and multi-family residential sectors to implement energy efficiency projects in China. CHUEE brings together financial institutions, utility companies, and suppliers of energy efficiency equipment. The program is expected to promote energy efficiency, reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and expand lending to small and medium enterprises in China.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Among the first steps: IFC agreed to grant $1 million to Xinao Gas and to provide Industrial Bank with risk-sharing coverage of $25 million. The risk-sharing coverage will help Industrial Bank establish a loan portfolio of $58 million in energy efficiency equipment loans to small and midsize energy users in China. CHUEE is supported by grant funding from the Global Environmental Facility and Finland’s Ministry of Trade and Industry, and operates under the IFC Private Enterprise Partnership for China.
References: http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/chuee.nsf
China: Import Duties
The Chinese government has lowered import duties to directly promote the development of renewable energy technologies. The average import duty now stands at 23%, but renewable energy technologies enjoy special low rates: 3% for components of wind power plants, 6% for wind turbines, and 12% for photovoltaics (PV) systems.
Status: In Force
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC; Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001)
China: Law of the Highway
A fuel-based taxation system intended to save energy, reduce pollution, and promote automobile technology development.
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: Mandatory
References: Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001)
China: Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution/Air Pollution Control Law
This law requires enterprises to use energy-efficient, low-polluting clean production technologies, and asks the economic management authorities (SDPC and SETC) to promulgate lists of equipment to be retired. It requires sorting and washing of high-sulfur and high-ash coal, which would lead to marketing of coal that could be used more efficiently in end use equipment. As a result of this legislation and the more forceful implementation of environmental regulations, many small, inefficient and heavily polluting plants shut down and mines were closed. This has led to greater opportunity for efficient higher quality mines and plants to open.
Date Implemented: 2000; revised 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: China http://www.eia.doe.gov/
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3282&action=detail
Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001),
China: Low interest loans
The Chinese government has issued low interest loans and interest subsidies for power plants using renewable technolgies to reduce the cost.
Date Implemented: since 1987
Status: In Force
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC; Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001),
China: Market Transformation Programme - Partnership with the UK
Chinese and UK governments aim to harmonise and converge product performance specifications at a global level, fostering the development of efficient products at a lower cost. In theory, the project will enable the Chinese government to develop a more informed approach to product policy. The Market Transformation Programme focuses on the efficiency of appliances, including domestic set-top boxes, Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs), refrigerators, colour TVs, rice cookers, washing machines, microwave ovens and room air conditioners. Market transformation strategies seek to achieve significant and lasting improvements in the efficiency of electrical products. The project, mandated by China’s NDRC, works in partnership with two Chinese government organisations: CNIS (China National Institute of Standardization), responsible for setting minimum standards and initiating the development of test methodologies and CECP (China Standard Certification Center), who develops, manages and enforces product certification. Project Tasks/ Research: Based on currently available information sources, the project develops end-use stock models of consumption, to enable scenarios to be run, and to prepare prioritise policy action plans to reduce the energy consumption of products in China.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2526&action=detail
China: Medium and Long Term Energy Conservation Plan
Plan of Energy Conservation aims to push the whole society towards energy conservation and energy intensity reduction, to remove energy bottlenecks, to build an energy saving society, and to promote sustainable social and economic development. In this plan, detailed energy conservation targets were set up. Key actions and comprehensive policy measures were put forward such as the Ten key projects for Energy Conservation. The programming period is divided into the Eleventh Five Year Plan period running to 2010 and the period from 2010 to 2020. The energy conservation objectives and the focus of development by 2010 are essentially planned, whereas the objectives stated for 2020 are proposed.
Specifically: Guidelines for Rural Hydropower plan to increase its installed hydropower capacity by 15 million kilowatts to supply electricity for 10 million rural residents from 2006 to 2010 by constructing 400 hydropower driven counties; Guidelines for Transport plan six railways for passenger transportation, including one between Beijing and Shanghai and five inter-city railways, 14 expressway by 2010; Plan for Energy Conservation aims to reduce energy consumption per capita by 20% in 2010, compared to 2005.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Framework policy
References: http://www.beconchina.org/energy_saving.htm
China: Medium and Long-Term Energy Development Plan Outline (2004-2020)
The Plan has specific targets for power generation from renewable sources. The target for 2010 (60 GW) will represent about 10 percent of China’s total installed power generation capacity. The equivalent figure for 2020 (Target: 121 GW) is about 12 percent. China will also pay considerable attention to the development of RE heat sources and to liquid biofuels, etc. Overall, China’s use of renewable energy is expected to increase to 20,000 PJ/year by 2020 - 17 percent of the country’s projected total energy consumption.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: www.nautilus.org/aesnet/2005/JUL0605/PRC_LEAP.ppt
China: National Climate Change Program
In June, 2007 China released its National Climate Change Program outlining the challenges that China is facing in dealing with climate change. It outlines steps that China has taken towards sustainable development and plans that China will enact in the future to address climate change. Strategies include increasing R&D, improving energy efficiency and building construction, developing renewable and nuclear energy, increasing forest cover, improving industrial policy and agriculture, and improving institutions and policies.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: Framework Policy
Targets: reduce energy intensity by 20% by 2010,
increase forest coverage rate to 20%,
stabilize rate of Nitrous Oxide emissions to 2005 levels,
by 2010 10% of energy to be supplied by renewables
References: http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/
China: National Energy Strategy
Continued improvement in energy efficiency at the same rate as the past 20 years. Rapidly expand the use and supply of Natural Gas. Decrease the reliance on Coal to less then 60% of total energy use by 2020. Increase the use of clean coal technologies for power generation. Introduce coal liquefaction for transport fuels. Substantially increase reliance on hydropower. China aims to have 200 to 230GW of hydroelectricity by 2020. Install up to 40GW of nuclear power capacity by 2020. The NESP’s target for renewable energy is an additional 90 to 100GW of capacity by 2020, including 60 to 70GW of small scale hydropower, 20GW of wind power, 1GW of biomass-fired electricity, and small increases in solar, geothermal, ocean and tidal energy. Accelerated development and large scale deployment of combined heat and power (CHP, or cogeneration).
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3300&action=detail
China: Ninth Five-Year Plan
Under the 9th Five-Year Plan, China initiated several national programs including the Brightness Program, Integrated and Comprehensive Rural Electrification, Energy Efficient Lighting, and the Riding Wind Program.
Date Implemented: 1996-2000
Status: Ended; Framework Policy
References: Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001),
China: Parallel Operation Regulations for Wind Power Generation
This legislation requires power grids to allow interconnection and parallel operations of wind farms, and states that power grids must buy all the electricity generated by wind farms at a price that covers production costs.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: Mandatory
References: Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001)
China: Pricing Reforms
The government removed the heavy subsidies that had been keeping energy prices low and providing a disincentive for the development of increased efficiency. A two-tiered (or multiple) price structure was introduced for coal and petroleum prices, allowing for quantities beyond production quotas to be sold at higher prices.
Date Implemented: 1980s: ‘81 (oil), ‘82/’84 (coal); ‘87 (natural gas), ‘85 (electricity); 1990s for coal, oil
Status: Mandatory
References: Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001),
China: Program of Action for Sustainable Development
This program is a follow-up of the White Paper on China’s Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st Century. It acknowledges progress made in the last decade including economic and social developments and capacity building, and also upcoming challenges. To deal with these challenges, the program suggests improving research and investement in sustainable development, improving legislation and supporting institutions, and strenghten international cooperation.
Priorities include:
-Economic development: industrial restructuring, regional and small-town development, and economic globalization
-Social Development: population management, health care, social security, and disaster management
-Resource Allocation: water, foerests/grasslands/coastlines, land use, and energy efficiency
-Ecological conservation: monitoring and evaluation, nature preserves/conservation zones, anti- desertification, soil conservation, and agriculture
-Pollution Control: air, water, waste, and traffic
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: Framework Policy
References: http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/
China: Program on New and Renewable Energy Development in China (1996-2010)
This program provides tax incentives and low interest loans for new and renewable energy projects.
Date Implemented: 1996-2010
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: 13.4 million hectares of fuel wood plantation, 4 billion cubic meters of biogas supply to 12.35 million households, 117GWh electricity from small hydro, 4.67 mtce of solar energy, 1000-1100MW of wind power capacity and 50 MW of tidal power capacity
References: China New Energy: Policy and Plan
http://www.newenergy.org.cn/english/policy/
China: National Medium-and Long-Term (2006-2020) Program Outline for Scientific and Technological Development
Designated “energy” as the No. 1 area that “needs urgent S&T support”. The document mapped out a host of government-supported plans covering key fields of study, cutting-edge technologies, big special programs, as well as basic research.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-09/12/content_5082321.htm
China: Provisional Regulations on the Administration of Energy Resource Savings
National energy conservation, promotion of productivity in industry
Date Implemented: 1986
References: Compendium on Energy Conservation Legislation, UN, http://www.unescap.org/esd/energy/publications/compend/ceccpart1chapter1...
http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/docs/Energy%20Efficiency%20Policy%20Review.pdf
China: Raising taxes for pollutant discharge
The level of charges for exploitation of mineral resources and the emission of pollutants will be raised to promote conservation and protect the environment. The government will adjust taxation policies concerning coal resources to promote orderly exploitation and improve the rate of recovery.
Date Implemented: to be implemented in 2007
Status: Mandatory
References: http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/200529.htm
China: Regulations on Electricity Regulation
Sets out the organizational framework for electricity regulatory institutions, the duties of regulators, regulatory measures, the code of conduct for regulatory institutions and their staff as well as their due legal responsibilities.
Date Implemented: 2005
References: Energy and Power in China: Domestic Regulation and Foreign Policy, The Foreign Policy Centre, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/448.pdf
China: Regulations on Electricity Supervision and Control
Together with the Regulations on Electricity Regulation, this scheme seeks to create a competitive domestic market for energy. The State Electricy Regulatory Commission (SERC) is to supervise and regulate the electricy price and issue electric power permits to businesses.
Date Implemented: 2005
References:Energy and Power in China: Domestic Regulation and Foreign Policy, The Foreign Policy Centre, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/448.pdf
China: Renewable Energy Law
The law designates renewable technologies as the prefered area for energy development and research. It requires power grid operators to purchase resources from registered renewable energy producers. The law also offers financial incentives, such as a national fund to foster renewable energy development, and discounted lending and tax preferences for renewable energy projects. It also includes a renewable portfolio standard. It sets up the guidlines for assisting the renewable energy industries, setting technical standards for renewable energy electric power, technologyand products, incorporating knowledge about renewable technologies into educational curricula, encouraging construction of renewable power generation facilities, efficient buildings, and for rural electrification. Finally, it provides economic incentives: setting up a rural energy development fund to support R&D, construction, surveys and equipment production, authorizing the provision of preferential loans with subsidized interest, and tax benefits.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: Aims to increase the usage of solar and wind power in China’s total energy consumption to 10% in the next 5 years (from 1%). Further targets to be determined and released to public. This law will increase small hydro-power capacity from 31,000 megawatts to 70,000 to 80,000 megawatts by 2020. Wind power capacity is expected to increase to 20,000 megawatts from 560 megawatts, and biomass from 2,000 megawatts to 20,000 megawatts.
References: China Passes Renewable Energy Law http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=23531; Renewable Energy Law - People’s Republic of China;
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/assets/download/China_RE_Law_05.doc http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/448.pdf
China: Ride the Wind
Rural electrification through renewables (wind)
Status: Voluntary
Targets: The goal is to reduce production costs and increase the localization percentage of wind turbines from 40% to 70% by the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan period.
References: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35787.pdf
China: Sixth Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development
This Five-Year Plan included massive investment for energy conservation, with funds equal to about 10 percent of energy supply investment into energy conservation projects. The major policies included: restructuring energy-intensive industries; reducing the direct burning of oil; increasing equipment and process efficiency with technology and eliminating the most inefficient equipment and production processes; issuing energy-consumption standards for energy-intensive products; using a system of rewards and penalties to encourage energy-conservation activities; providing low-interest loans for some energy conservation projects; and supporting research and development in energy-conservation technologies.
Date Implemented:1981-1985
Status: Still in Force; Mandatory
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC
China: Strategic Plan for Industrial Efficiency
Within the 11th Five-Year Period, China’s strategic plan for energy efficient industrial processes involves equipment renovation and the design and implementation of process optimization and management measures. Targetting the metallurgical industry, petrochemical industry, and chemical industry, the Chinese state aims to improve energy efficiency and industrial competitiveness to “the highest level or close to the world’s front-runners.”
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: International Energy Agency: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=pm&id=2521&action=detail
China: Sunlight Program
To upgrade the country’s manufacturing capacity of polycrystalline and other advanced silicon technologies; to establish large scale PV and PV/hybrid village power demonstration systems, home-PV projects for remote areas; and to initiate grid-connected PV projects.
Date Implemented: until 2010
Status: In force
References: China New Energy: Policy and Plan
http://www.newenergy.org.cn/english/policy/
China: Targets for Renewable Energy
China’s energy mix will be made up of 16% renewable energy by 2020, including specific goals for each sector.
Status: In Force;
Targets:
-install 5GW wind power by 2010 and 30GW wind power by 2020
-300MW installed capacity of solar power by 2010 and 1,800MW by 2020
-biomass plants with installed capacity of 5,500MW by 2010 and 30,000MW by 2020. For methane, the targets are 19,000 million m3 and 44,000 million m3 , respectively.
-hydro power is to reach 180GW by 2010 and 300GW by 2020
References: http://www.energyblueprint.info/330.0.html
China: Tax incentives
The Chinese government provides tax incentives to promote the development of renewable energy technologies. The standard VAT is 17%. However, VAT for biogas is only 13%, and VAT for wind is 8.5% and for small hydro-projects is only 6%.
Status: In Force
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC; Reform of China’s Energy Institutions and Policies: Historical Evolution and Current Challenges, Energy Technology Innovation Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2001),
China: Tax on high-sulfur coals
In an effort to scale down coal consumption and to spur switching to cleaner burning fuels, Beijing has introduced a tax on high-sulfur coals. Other efforts include establishing 40 “coal-free zones” in an attempt to phase out coal from the city center, and formulating plans to construct natural gas pipelines.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: China, http://www.eia.doe.gov/
China: Taxation incentive policy for High Energy-Efficiency products
NDRC and the State Administration of Taxation (SAT) will jointly issue the taxation incentive policy for High Energy-Efficiency products.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: Planned; Voluntary
References: http://www.efficientlighting.net/doc/20070105(5).pdf
China: The Mandatory Comparative labeling program
The label first used for household refrigerators and room air conditioners
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.efficientlighting.net/doc/20070105(5).pdf
China: Top-1000 Enterprises Energy Conservation Action in China
1008 top energy consumption enterprises in China were involved. The requirements for 1008 enterprises (including energy audit and Energy Conservation plan) have been identified, and incentives will be applied to these enterprises in order to improve their energy efficiency. Based on the plan, the Energy Conservation target is saving 100 million tce by 2010. According to the action plan of the program, the top-1,000 enterprises shall: establish energy conservation organization, formulate energy efficiency goals, establish an energy utilization reporting system, conduct energy auditing, formulate an energy conservation plan, invest in energy efficiency improving, adopt energy conservation incentives, and conduct training.
Date Implemented: until 2010
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Targets: Within five years (2010), the total energy saving shall reach 0.1 billion tce.
References: http://ies.lbl.gov/iespubs/2007aceee.pdf
China: Township Electrification Program
The Township Electrification Program gave one million rural people in one thousand townships (or about 250,000 households) access to electricity with energy from solar PV, small hydro and a small amount of wind generation. The next phase of the program is the village electrification phase, aiming to electrify 20,000 villages during the period 2005-2010.
Date Implemented: 2001, installation completed 2003
Status: Ended; Government Initiative
Milestones: 1066 townships electrified
References: Township Electrification Program, NREL; http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35788.pdf
China: Trade of pollutant discharge rights
The government will experiment with trading of pollutant discharge rights in the power industry and in east China’s Taihu Lake area, and raising taxes for pollutant discharge.
Date Implemented: to be implemented in 2007
Status: Voluntary
References: http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/200529.htm
China: U.S.-China Biomass MOU
In December 2007, China’s National Development and Reform Comission (NDRC) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the US Deptartments of Energy and Agriculture to increase cooperation on biofuels. The two countries agreed to collaborate on developing the scientific, technical, and policy aspects of the development, production and use of biofuels. The plan is set to work to create a unified assessment standard, share strategic studies and technical information on promoting development, and include the exchange of scientific and technical information including conversion processes and cellulosic ethanol technology.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: In Force
References: US Embassy, Beijing; http://beijing.usembassy-china.org.cn/121407sed.html
USDA; http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2007/12/0370.xml
China: White Paper on China’s Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century- Program of Action for Sustainable Development
Provides general platform/guidelines for China’s social and economic development. Elaborates goals and objectives. Advocates a new, sustainable pattern of low consumption, low pollution and high efficiency to achieve well-balanced growth.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: Executive Summary of the National Communication to the UNFCCC; http://www.acca21.org.cn/ca21pa.html
Policies in Costa Rica:
Costa Rica: Certified Tradable Offsets
This program allows local producers to “grow” carbon, or to exploit the rainforest’s ability to absorb carbon gases, as a commodity for sale internationally. Each CTO corresponds to one ton of carbon absorbed by Costa Rica’s trees. The aim is that industrialized countries will eventually use these CTOs against their Kyoto emission limitations. For now Costa Rica has found foreign investors willing to purchase them - Norwegian hydropower companies have purchased these CTOs for $10/ton of carbon, much lower than the supposed cost of abatement at home. The US has also purchased CTOs related to Costa Rica’s Protected Areas Project. Sales of CTOs will be handled by the Chicago Board of Trade. The proceeds are used to purchase rainforest land from private owners for preservation.
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Targets: This program aims to protect 1.25 million acres (500,000 ha) of rainforest
References: http://forests.org/archive/samerica/crcarbcr.htm http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/misc/CarbonCommodity.pdf
Costa Rica: Environmental Organic Law
Establishing that air is common property and contaminants must be controlled and reduced, the Act grants the state authority to protect the environment and prevent and control pollution. It sets up guidelines and the legal framework for the sustainable exploitation of natural resources and for the protection of the environment.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.ec.gc.ca/international/costarica/2002ems_envlegis_e.htm
Costa Rica: Environmental Services Payment
The National Fund for Forestry Management will pay for environmental services rendered. It also sets maximum payments for reforestation and protection management plans.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.ec.gc.ca/international/costarica/2002ems_envlegis_e.htm
Costa Rica: Forestry Law - N 7575
This law provides compensation for the environmental or reforestation efforts of private forest proprietors or forest plantation owners through the PSA (Environmental Services Payment). It defines the state’s role as protector and promoter of conservation.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: The PSA is financed by a tax on hydrocarbons
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Costa Rica: Hydrocarbons Act
Seeking to promote sustainable economic development and environmental protection, this Act regulates the development, promotion and exploitation of oil and other hydrocarbons.
Date Implemented: 1994
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.ec.gc.ca/international/costarica/2002ems_envlegis_e.htm
Costa Rica: Law and Regulations on Rational Energy Use - la Ley Nº 7200
This law requires MINAE to establish company-level power indices based on their level of economic activity. The law and its subsequent regulations outline the obligatory nature of executing projects that conserve electricity. They also include an incentive program for businesses that promote the efficient use of energy.
Date Implemented: Law:1994; Regulation: 1995
Status: In Force; Part voluntary, part mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.recope.go.cr/eng/conserva_E.htm
Costa Rica: Ley Nº 7200 para la utilización racional y uso alternativo de fuentes de energía, as modified by Ley Nº 7508 (1995)
This Law allows the participation of private enterprises in power generation where the sources are renewable (geothermal, hydro and solar are specifically mentioned), the capacity does not exceed 50MW, and 35% of the share capacity is locally owned.
Date Implemented: 1990
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/1824eng.pdf
Costa Rica: National Plan for the Expansion of Electricity Generation
80-90% of newly installed generation capacity should be from renewable sources, not thermal plants.
Date Implemented: 2000-2010
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: The operation of electricity plants fueled by renewable sources could avoid the emission of 214,445 tons of CO2 by year 2009.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Costa Rica: Private Forestry Project
This Project introduces incentives to promote and reward carbon sequestration activities on private lands. Participating landowners receive payments ranging from $45/ha/yr - $120/ha/yr depending on the type of land reforested (correlates to the owner’s opportunity cost of alternative uses of the land.)
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: This Project is financed by a 5% tax on gasoline, CTO sales and contributions from the private sector, primarily hydrocarbon companies.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/misc/CarbonCommodity.pdf
Costa Rica: Protected Areas Project
Program transfers private land into park or protected status.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: This Project is financed by a 5% tax on gasoline, CTO sales and contributions from the private sector, primarily hydrocarbon companies.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/misc/CarbonCommodity.pdf
Costa Rica: Rational Use of Energy Law
Costa Rica has adopted a U.S. based model of energy efficiency standards and labels for residential appliances. Designed to regulate their energy consumption, appliances must carry informational labels that give the model’s adjusted volume and annual energy consumption.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: Mandatory
References: http://www.energyrating.gov.au/library/pubs/200404-internatlabelreview.p...
Costa Rica: Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservación (SINAC)
This division is aimed at promoting and administering the sustainable use of Costa Rica’s natural resources for the economic and social development of the country. It runs the country’s 11 Areas of Conservation.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: In Force
References: http://www.sinaccr.net/principal.php
Costa Rica: Sustainable Development Strategic Partnership Among Benin, Bhutan and Costa Rica (Program for South-south Cooperation)
Among primary themes: Energy for sustainable development. To promote sustainable development on a south-south basis through long term partnership between Benin, Bhutan and Costa Rica by implementing Agenda 21, program for further implementation of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of implementation based on the principles of equality, participation and reciprocity. Recognizing that lasting poverty alleviation will be achieved only in the context of sustainable development, the partnership will seek to catalyze the transition to sustainability by supporting innovation in the policies, seeding initiatives and replicating success stories. As the first step to translate the vision and objectives of the partnership into concrete projects, a program for south-south co-operation (PSC) was launched in May 2005. Biodiversity conservation, sustainable tourism, sustainable chains of production and consumption and sustainable energy are the key themes with gender equality as cross cutting issue. The partnership will be implemented through policy dialogues, consultation and participation of the multi-interest groups with focus on pilot and reciprocal projects. A Multi-Year-Plan (MYP) for 2006-2008 has been prepared by the partner countries from and the Annual Plan for 2006 is ready for implementation.The National Mechanism (lead agencies) also met in Costa Rica to incorporate the comments of the JMC into the MYP (Oct 2005).
Date Implemented: May 2005
Status: In Force; Multi-sectoral framework policy
References: http://webapps01.un.org/dsd/partnerships/public/partnerships/1493.html
Costa Rica: Urban Planning Law
This law regulates the country’s housing and urbanization policies. It also establishes the National Plan for Urban Development, the Municipal Zoning Plans, Urban Planning, and Land Use. This Law prohibits land-planning schemes that do not follow the proscribed zoning regulations.
Date Implemented: 1968
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.ec.gc.ca/international/costarica/2002ems_envlegis_e.htm
Costa Rica: Vehicle Transit Act
Costa Rica has instituted strict emissions requirements for imported vehicles and will not release them without an emissions statement from the country of origin.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1093.html
Policies in India:
India: Scheme on “Accelerated development and deployment of solar water heating systems in domestic, industrial and commercial sectors”
The main objective of the scheme is to promote the widespread use of solar water heaters through a combination of financial and promotional incentives, and other support measures, with a goal of adding another one million sq. m. of solar collector area through solar water heating systems in the next two years. The targets will be achieved by providing subsidies to the users of solar water heaters. Banks have been authorised to finance solar water heaters without any upper limit to the capacity of the system. The subsidised rate of interest is 5% to domestic end users. The scheme also provides support for organizing seminars, workshops, exhibitions, training programmes, publicity and awareness campaigns, technology upgrade studies, surveys, etc. Support will also be provided to Municipalities/ Municipal Corporations that adopt and notify the modifications to their building bye-laws for making the installation of solar-assisted water heating systems mandatory in certain categories of buildings. For the year 2007 the amendment of the scheme provides for capital subsidies for installation of Solar Water Heating systems to registered institutions and commercial establishments that do not avail soft loans.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Targets: A target of installation of 300,000 sq.m. of collector area under the scheme has been kept for 2005-06, as per the following indicative break-up: Domestic Sector : 200,000 sq.m.; Institutional Sector : 50,000 sq.m.; Industrial/Commercial Sector : 50,000 sq.m
References: http://mnes.nic.in/
India: Accelerated Programme on Energy Recovery from Urban Wastes
The main objectives of the Programme are: to accelerate the promotion of setting up of projects for recovery of energy from urban wastes; to create conducive conditions with a fiscal and financial regime, to develop, demonstrate and disseminate utilisation of wastes for recovery of energy; and to harness the available potential of MSW-to-energy by the year 2017.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: The developers of commercial projects for MSW in fast track mode will be selected on the basis of a bid for minimum amount of financial assistance (or ‘viability gap’ funding) within an overall ceiling of Rs 1.50 crore per MW. Financial assistance of Rs. 2.0 crore / MW will be provided for projects based on power generation from MSW through high rate biomethanation technology. Financial assistance will be provided to the extent of 50% of the project cost, subject to a maximum of Rs. 3.0 crore / MW for setting up demonstration projects based on gasification / pyrolysis and plasma arc technologies. 40% of the project cost subject to a maximum of Rs 2.0 crore/MW shall be provided for projects for generation of power from biogas being produced at Sewage Treatment Plants. 50% of project cost subject to upper limit of Rs. 3.0 crore / MW shall be provided for setting up projects based on biomethanation technology for power generation from cattle dung, vegetable market and slaughterhouse wastes generated in the urban areas.
References: http://mnes.nic.in/
http://mnes.nic.in/ui&cgr/energy_recovery_from_urban_waste.htm#Accelerated Programme on Energy Recovery from Urban Wastes
India: Asian Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
APP partners Australia, Canada, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, and the United States have agreed to work together and with private sector partners to meet goals for energy security, national air pollution reduction, and climate change in ways that promote sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. The Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate is an innovative new effort to accelerate the development and deployment of clean energy technologies. The APP has a number of projects in member countries designed to implement or improve new technologies, better policies, and mutual cooperation. In addition to renewable energy, the APP focuses on manufacturing sectors like steel and cement.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Framework Agreement
References: http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/default.htm
India: Auto Fuel Policy
Sets standard for efficient vehicles, cleaner fuels.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In force
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/
India: Coal Transport Policy
Restricts the transportation of unwashed coal to less than 1,000 kilometers.
Delete ThiS
India: Demonstration and Promotion of Solar Photovoltaic Devices and Systems in Urban Areas
The scheme provides financial support for installation and demonstration of various solar photovoltaic devices and systems for community application and for organizing seminars, workshops, and training programmes to create awareness about the systems in urban areas.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: An amount of Rs.10.00 crores has been earmarked for demonstration and promotion of solar photovoltaic devices / systems in urban areas.
References: http://www.nri.org/biomass/conference_papers/policy_annex_1.pdf
India: Draft Energy Conservation Building Code
The document specifies the energy performance requirements for all commercial buildings that are to be constructed in India. Buildings with electrical connected load of 500 kW or more are covered by the ECBC.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Planned; Mandatory
References: http://www.usaid.gov/in/Pdfs/Energy_Cons_Bldg.pdf
India: ECOMARK Scheme
The Act consolidates the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity and takes measures conducive to development of electricity industry, promoting competition in the industry protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity to all areas, rationalization of electricity tariff, ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies, constitution of Central Electricity Authority, Regulatory Commissions and establishment of Appellate Tribunal.
Date Implemented: 1991
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Application, licensing, renewal and marketing fees are required for participation - payable to the Bureau of Indian Standards
References: ECOMARK Scheme of India
http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/ecomark/ecomark.html
India: Electricity Act
Allows liberty to operate and maintain a generating station without obtaining a license if it complies with the technical standards relating to connectivity with the grid, except for hydro. Creates liberal framework for power development, facilitates private investment. Sets stringent provisions for controlling theft of electricity. Mandates creation of Regulatory Commissions to determine retail tariff.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Target: Uninterrupted and reliable supply of electricity for 24 hours a day for the whole country including rural areas: electrifying all villages by 2007 and all households by 2012. Access has yet to be provided to about 80,000 villages.
References: Electricity Act 2003, Power Ministry, Government of India
http://powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/electricity_act2003/preliminary.htm
India: Energy Conservation Act
The Act provides for the legal framework, institutional arrangement and a regulatory mechanism at the Central and State level to embark upon energy efficiency drive in the country. Measures include: pilot phase of programme for energy efficiency in government buildings and prepare action plan for wider dissemination and implementation, development of energy conservation building codes, beginning a Standards and Labeling Program to identify energy efficient appliances and equipment, assisting 5 electric utilities to set up DSM (demand side management) Cell, formulation of energy efficiency codes and standards, introducing educational programs to increase awareness regarding efficient use of energy resources, and the introduction of the Energy Conservation Awards to nationally recognize efforts to reduce energy consumption. It also mandates the setting up of a Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) that will introduce stringent energy conservation norms for energy generation, supply and consumption. The enforcement of penalties stipulated in the Act have been kept in abeyance for five years during which time people would be made aware of the economics and efficacy of the conservation of energy.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: 10th Plan; Power Ministry
http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/welcome.html, http://powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/energy_conservation_act/introdu...
India: Energy Conservation for Tea Production
The Ministry of Environment and Forests together with the UNDP Global Environment Facility (GEF) is implementing a project to reduce the energy consumption in producing tea. Tea processing is energy intensive, with 30% of total processing costs being spent on energy, typically burning firewood. The project is intended to reduce CO2 emissions by increasing awareness of energy efficiency and renewable technology, eliminating financial barriers inhibiting investment, and facilitating the adoption of renewable technology, best practice, and knowledge sharing.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: In progress
Funding Information: UNDP GEF funding
References: GEF- http://www.thegef.org/default.aspx
http://www.thegef.org/uploadedFiles/India%20-%20Energy%20Conservation%20-Tea%20Processing.pdf
India: Energy Policy
This policy outlines the challenges that India faces as it develops and must generate and provide increasing amounts of energy. Measures include adressing energy security by acquring abundant supplies of coal and gas, and increasing hydro and nuclear power. India seeks to improve energy efficiency by reducing energy intensity across many sectors including mining, electricity distribution, transportation, industry and building construction. The policy also outlines methods to promote renewable energy and increase R&D.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Framework Policy
References: http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_intengy.pdf
India: Ethanol Promotion
India has passed a measure to increase the blend of ethanol in gasoline from 5% to 10% by October 2008. Indian ethanol manufacturers will also begin producing directly from sugarcane instead of from molasses. The government has recommended a standard price of 21.5 rupees per liter.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.livemint.com/2007/08/28235832/10-ethanol-blending-in-fuel-t.h...
India: Fuel switching
Auto LPG is being supplied in the 10 most polluted cities of the country. CNG is being supplied for use as an auto fuel in Delhi and Mumbai and also as a domestic fuel. It will gradually become available in other cities.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
India: Gypcrete Project to replace clay bricks
This project undertaken by the World Bank’s Community Development Carbon Fund aims to construct a manufacturing facility to produce gypcrete building panels. The process of manufacturing gypcrete building panels uses phosphogypsum, a byproduct of fertilizer production and will be less energy intensive than the manufacturing of clay bricks and cement that gypcrete will replace, thus leading to reduced GHG emissions. Gypcrete is a lighter and stronger material than conventional material. It is also more earthquake, corrosion and fire resistant, while manufacturing costs are likely to be cheaper than conventional building materials.
Date Implemented: 2008
Status: Under development
Funding Information: World Bank Community Development Carbon Fund
Targets: This project will lead to emissions reductions of 430,596 tCO2 equivalent over a period of 10 years.
References: http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Projport&ProjID=28171
India: Help for hydro
The Ministry of Power has taken various steps to improve the hydropower development in India, including additional budgetary financial support, R&M and up-rating of existing hydro stations, basin wise hydropower development and comprehensive ranking studies for 399 hydro schemes.
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
India: Hydrocarbon Vision 2025
Focuses on long-term energy security. Aims to assure energy security by achieving self-reliance through increased indigenous production and investment in equity oil abroad. The main thrust of the action agenda would be intensification of exploration efforts and achievement of 100% coverage of unexplored basins in a time bound manner to enhance domestic availability of oil and gas, pursue natural gas projects and facilitate availability of LNG, develop hydrocarbon sector as a globally competitive industry, maintain adequate levels of self sufficiency in refining (90% of consumption of middle distillates), establish adequate strategic storage of crude and petroleum products in different locations. Liberalize hydrocarbon market, create a policy framework for cleaner fuels, have a rational tariff and pricing policy, announce a long-term fiscal policy to attract required investments in hydrocarbon sector.
Date Implemented: 2000
References: Petrodril
http://www.petrodril.com/hydrocarbon.htm
India: Incentives for biogas plants
The government is giving financial incentives to provide fuel and improve sanitation by developing biogas plants. The amount of assistance varies in each region, and also includes subsidies for maintenance, repairs, and linking to plants with sanitary toilets.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force
Funding Information: Funding ranges from 2,100 rupees to 11,700 rupees depending on type of plant, and region.
References: http://www.indg.in/rural-energy/schemes/national-biogas-and-manure-manag...
India: India - Japan Energy Forum
Launched in New Dehli on 6 December 2006, the India - Japan Energy Forum focuses on energy policy, energy supply, and energy conservation in industry in India and Japan. The forum aims to develop cooperation between Indian and Japanese stakeholders by introducing and formally exchanging information on national energy policies and the status of energy-related industries in India and Japan.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Multi-sectoral Framework Policy
References: http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/archives/190330/190330.html
India: India-Brazil-South Africa Declaration on Clean Energy
The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) trilateral development initiative began in 2003 to promote South-South initiatives on development, trade/investment, information exchange and cooperation in areas including agriculture, energy, health, and climate change. The second IBSA summit was held in October 2007. At this summit, the three countries reached agreement to work together in the promotion of nuclear energy, clean energy technologies and other renewable energies and in the endorsement of climate change mitigation. The countries agreed to pool resources to ensure a secure supply of safe, sustainable and non-polluting energy to meet global demand, particularly in developing countries. The declaration indicated that cooperation would include clean coal technologies and renewable energies such as biomass and innovative ways to transfer, develop and commercialise clean energy.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force
References: International Energy Agency http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=3767&action=detail
India: LPG for rural populations
5kg LPG cylinders were introduced at affordable prices for the poorer sections of the populations to reduce reliance on biomass burning.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
India: Mass Rapid Transit System
The Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, in equal partnership, set up a company named Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. under the Companies Act, 1956, to construct a MRTS in Delhi. This Metro system will be integrated with other means of mass transit and will alleviate traffic congestion on national highways, thereby reducing the number of accidents and increasing public safety. It will also reduce harmful emissions and pollution.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information:The completion cost has been estimated as Rs.10, 571 crores or approximately USD $3 billion.
Milestones: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. was given a mandate to construct 65.11 Kms of Metro Rail tracks in Delhi by 2005. As of Dec 2004, the project was 84% complete.
References: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, Ltd.
http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/index.html
India: Motor Spirit-Ethanol Blending Projects
Blending of 5% ethanol in petrol
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: to be raised to 10% later
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
India: National Campaign on Energy Conservation 2007
Campaign is realized through print and electronic media focusing on creation of energy-users awareness on energy savings opportunities, which can significantly reduce the need for additions of new energy supply system in coming years. The campaign includes initiatives that will address the use of energy in industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors, as well as households and educational institutions. The objective of the campaign is to reduce energy cost by reducing demand for electricity, as well as increasing efficiency of electricity generation.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://www.energymanagertraining.com/banner/NCEC2007/EnergisingIndia2007...
India: National Electricity Policy
In 2005 the Government of India put out the National Electricity Policy as required by the Electricity Act of 2003. The National Electricity Policy oulines a plan for rural electrectrification increased generation capacity. The policy states that “maximum emphasis” would be put on the development of hydro power. Use of thermal power could be made cleaner by using low-ash coal, improving lignite mining, and increased use of natural gas and nuclear power. The policy also sets recommendations for improving the power grid with better transmission and distribution of power. It also calls for the use of the most efficient technologies and more funding for R&D. India also seeks to create a more competitive energy sector to increase private sector participation. Finally, the Policy emphasizes the need for conservation and demand-side management including a national awareness campaign.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: Framework Policy
References: http://www.dercind.org/ActsPolicies/ActsPolicesfiles/National%20Electric...
India: National Energy Labelling Programme
In 2006, India pledged to launch a comprehensive energy labeling program for appliances under the framework of the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. The Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency’s long-planned labeling program will first address refrigerators and fluorescent tube lamps. The rating will grade models on their energy efficiency, starting from one star, implying low energy efficiency, to a five star grade for the most energy efficient model. Energy labels are announced to become mandatory for many electricity-consuming appliances in 2007, including pumps, motors, air conditioners and televisions. The BEE plans to coordinate a consumer education campaign to publicize the new labels. In preparation for the label launch, the Indian government has planned countermeasures to false star labels.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Initially Voluntary, mandatory within six months
Funding Information: GEF has approved $5.5 million for India’s Standard and Labelling Program
References: http://www.bee-india.nic.in/NCEC2006/ActionTakenReport2006/00-ATR(1-25).pdf
India: National Environment Appellate Authority Act
An Act to establish a National Environment Appellate Authority to hear appeals regarding restricting certain areas. In these areas industries, operations or processes are banned or are subject to certain safeguards under the Environment (Protection) Act
Date Implemented: 1997
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, Act No. 22 of 1997
India: National Environment Policy
The National Environment Policy aims at archiving: Efficiency Improvement and Conservation of Critical Environmental Resources, Livelihood Security for the Poor, Integration of Environmental Concerns in Economic and Social Development.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Framework policies
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=weo&id=3356
India: National Highway Development Project
This is India’s largest ever highways project and a major initiative for capacity enhancement of national highways, converting roads into around 13,146 Km of 4-6 lane highways. Projected results include uninterrupted traffic flow, savings in fuel consumption, and reduced GHG emissions.
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: Total costs: estimated US$(1999) 13.2 Billion. Funding from Cess on Petroleum and Diesel, outside assistance, market borrowing and private sector participation
Targets: Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) (~5846 km) Connecting Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai - scheduled for substantial completion by 2003; North-South & East-West Corridors (~7 ,300 km) Kashmir to Kanyakumari and Silchar to Porbandar - scheduled for completion by 2007
References: National Highways Authority of India
http://www.nhai.org/index.asp
India: National Hydrogen Energy Road Map
The Road Map identified two major initiatives: Green Initiative for Future Transport (GIFT) and Green Initiative for Power Generation (GIP). The first aims at developing and demonstrating hydrogen powered IC engine and fuel cell based vehicles through different phases of development. The second envisions developing and demonstrating a hydrogen-powered IC engine/turbine and fuel-cell based decentralized power-generating system of about 1000 MW aggregate capacity by 2020
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Government Initiative
References: http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=42200
India: New Technology Group
The Group focuses on the application of renewable energy technologies to mitigate the energy problems of cities, and to provide alternative energy solutions. This is envisaged broadly through the programmes on Solar thermal and photovoltaic devices and systems, energy recovery from urban, industrial and commercial wastes and Biomass energy and co-generation in industry. Revised/new schemes were developed by the Ministry covering the above programmes, and notified in July/August, 2005.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://mnes.nic.in/newtechnology.pdf
India: Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone
Creates the National Coastal Zone Management Authority along with individual State Costal Zone Management Authorities, to take measures for protecting and improving the quality of the coastal environment and preventing, abating and controlling environmental pollution in coastal areas.
Date Implemented: 1991
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: S.O.991(E), [26/11/1998] - Constitution of National Coastal Zone Management Authority
India: Partnership with Australia
As part of the Asia- Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, India and Australia have started a project to identify and address policy barriers that limit investment, development and deployment of clean technologies. The findings of the project will serve to develop practical solutions to addressing clean energy and climate goals by accelerating the development, transfer, and deployment of clean technological solutions between the two Partner countries.
Status: In Force
References: http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/REDGTFProjects.htm
India: Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution
This policy attempts to harmonize economic development and environmental imperatives using a variety of regulatory instruments, fiscal incentives and educational and outreach methods to promote the application of the best technologies to reduce pollution.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution, No. H. 11013(2)/90-cpw, Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests
India: Pre-payment Electricity Metering
The Indian government introduced a pre-payment metering system for all government departments and private sector consumers with single-phase and three-phase electricity load below 45kW, to discourage power usage and ensure payment of bills.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: In Force
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=cc&id=3607&action=detail
India: Programme on Biomass Energy and Co-generation (non-bagasse) in Industry during 2005-06
The scheme provides for Central Financial Assistance for setting up of biomass co-generation (non-bagasse) and biomass gasifier projects for generation of thermal and electrical energy in industries and incentives to State Nodal Agencies and Financial Institutions. The scheme also provides for Grants-in-Aid to State Nodal Agencies, NGOs and other concerned institutions for promotional activities i.e. for organizing seminars, workshops, training / orientation programmes, technology validation, strategic studies, industry-wise sectoral studies and performance monitoring & evaluation, etc. and promotional incentives for co-generation projects based on conventional fuels and rejects
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://mnes.nic.in/
http://mnes.nic.in/ui&cgr/biomass_energy_and_co.htm
Inida: Programme on “Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems” during 2005-06 (and continued during the year 2006-07)
The objective of the programme is to develop technology and promote applications of water pumping windmills and aerogenerators/wind-solar hybrid systems and undertaking research & development for improvement of designs and efficiency of these systems. Presently, the programme is being implemented mainly in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan & Tamil Nadu owing to the felt need for water pumping and small power generation. The programme is, however, being extended to other potential states also.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Budget Estimate: Rs. 2.00 crores.
Targets: Targets for the year 2005-06: Water pumping windmills – 100 nos.; Aerogenerator/wind-solar hybrid systems - 150 kW
References: http://mnes.nic.in/annualreport/2005_2006_English/CH8/3.html
India: Research, Design and Development of Solar Thermal Technologies
The Programme includes RD&D projects, Test Centres for solar thermal devices/systems, and other activities related to resource assessment, capacity building through seminars, symposia and round-tables, etc.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://mnes.nic.in/pdf/aa-stt-2006-07.pdf
India: Rural Electricity Supply Technology (REST) Mission
Providing affordable and reliable power supply to rural and remote areas through decentralized distributed generation based on renewable energy resources such as solar, mini-and micro-hydro, biomass, etc.
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Targets: “Power for all villages by 2007” and ” Power for all” by 2012
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; Ministry of Power
http://powermin.nic.in/index.htm
India: Scheme for Promotion of Grid Interactive Power Generation Projects based on Renewable Energy Sources for 2006-07
The scheme provides subsidy to set up grid-interactive power generating projects based on Small Hydro; Biomass; Wind Power (only demonstration projects).
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://mnes.nic.in/
India: Subsidies for Solar Power
India will subsidize solar power plants to the amount of 12 rupees (30 cents) per kilowatt hour. This plan will last for five years, and is expected to generate 10 billion rupees ($253.7 million) in private investment.
Date Implemented: 2008
Status: In Force
References: http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSDEL14687020080103
India: The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
The Central Board sets national ambient air standards, enforces auto emissions standards, and the Central Board and state board are empowered to enforce them.
Date Implemented: 1981; 1988
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: India’s Pollution Regulatory Structure and Background, The World Bank Group, http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/india/india-back.htm
India: The Environment (Protection) Act
This policy lays out the legal framework for standards and regulations controlling and preventing environmental pollution.
Date Implemented: 1986
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.msi-network.com/content/doing_business_in_india_environment.a..., http://www.geocities.com/india_pil/acts/environm.htm
India: The Forest (Conservation) Act
Provided the Central and state boards with the authority to levy and collect a tax on industries using water. The tax is calculated on the basis of how much water consumed. 2003 Amendment: tax between 5 and 30 paise per kiloliter of water consumed (depending on purpose for which the water is consumed) and the Central Gov’t may exempt industries as it chooses.
Date Implemented: 1980; 1988
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988, Ministry of Environment and Forests
India: The Motor Vehicle Act
This Act reevaluates and updates provisions of the previous act, which dated back to 1939. It sets rules, standards and procedures concerning the regulation of automotive vehicles and their use. Most relevant: setting auto emissions standards
Date Implemented: 1939; 1988
Status: In Force
References: Motor Vehicles Act 1988, Department of Road Transportation and Highway, Government of India
http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/MotorVehiclesAct/Motor-Vehicles-Act.htm
India: The National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development
Provides the basis for the integration of environmental considerations in the policies of various sectors. Outlines government’s goals and projects for achieving sustainable lifestyles and the proper management and conservation of resources.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Target: at least 1/3 of land area under forest cover;
References: National Communication to UNFCCC; The National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development, Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest; http://unfccc.int/files/parties_and_observers/parties/application/pdf/in... http://www.whoindia.org/EIP/Policy/Envir-Develop-Policy.pdf
India: The National Environment Tribunal Act
This policy establishes the National Environment Tribunal to rule in cases where damages have been accidentally inflicted on an individual, on private property or on the environment and compensation is sought.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995, Act No. 27 of 1995
India: The Ninth Plan
The Energy section of Gov’t of India’s 9th 5-year plan includes accelerated exploration for and production of hydrocarbons, equity oil abroad, efforts at managing energy demand through rational energy pricing, introduction of reforms through restructuring/deregulation of the energy sector to promote growth through increased efficiency and competitiveness, and the exploration of cleaner, alternative fuels.
Date Implemented: 1997-2002
Status: Ended
References: http://planningcommission.nic.in/
India: The Tenth Plan
The Energy section of Gov’t of India’s 10th 5-year plan includes increasing the production of coal and electricity, accelerated exploration for hydrocarbons, and alternative fuels such as CBM, equity oil abroad, introduction of reforms through restructuring/deregulation of the energy sector to promote growth through increased efficiency and competitiveness, demand management through the introduction of energy efficient technologies/processes and appliances with product quality requirements and standards and emissions norms on par with international standards.
Date Implemented: 2002-2007
Status: In Force
Targets: 8% GDP growth rate (become an economic superpower) Developmental Targets: 1. increase in forest and tree cover to 25% by 2007 and 33% by 2012 (from 23% in 2003) 2. sustained access to potable drinking water to all villages by 2007 3. electrify 62,000 villages by 2007 through conventional grid expansion, the remaining 18,000 by 2012 through decentralized non-conventional sources like solar, wind, small hydro and biomass 4. cleaning of all major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012 5. expeditious reformulation of the fiscal management system to make it more appropriate of for the changed context.
References: The Tenth Plan http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/welcome.html
India: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
This policy sets the standards and penalties for noncompliance for polluting. It establishes both a Central Pollution Control Board, and State Pollution Control Boards to monitor and enforce the regulations.
Date Implemented: 1974, 1988
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information:The primary source of funding for the state boards comes from the Central Board and state government. This has become a source of controversy because the state boards were at the mercy of local political forces and circumstances, usually out of their control, which withheld or prevented adequate funding.
References: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, India Export/Import Portal, http://exim.indiamart.com/ssi-regulations/air-water-pollution-act.html
“India’s Pollution Regulatory Structure and Background,” The World Bank Group, http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/india/india-back.htm
India: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act
Provided the Central and state boards with the authority to levy and collect a tax on industries using water. The tax is calculated on the basis of how much water consumed. 2003 Amendment: tax between 5 and 30 paise per kiloliter of water consumed (depending on purpose for which the water is consumed) and the Central Gov’t may exempt industries as it chooses.
Date Implemented: 1977
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: India’s Pollution Regulatory Structure and Background, The World Bank Group, http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/india/india-back.htm; Cess Act and 2003 Amendment, http://envfor.nic.in/legis/legis.html
India: Water Pumping Improvements
The World Bank’s Community Development Carbon Fund is sponsoring a project in Karnataka State to improve efficiency and reduce pressure on water resources. Electricity makes up 40-60% of water supply costs. Thirty to forty percent of water is lost through leakage and unaccounted use during distribution.
Energy and water saving measures to reduce this burden are available to municipalities in Karnataka, but they have not been implemented because of market barriers and other factors. The savings resulting from these improvements can be used by the water utilities to expand and improve service while minimizing the impact on the electricity grids and fragile water sources. Any energy savings or release of grid capacity can be used by the power utility to improve electricity service.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force
Funding Information: World Bank’s Community Development Carbon Fund
References: http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Projport&ProjID=9591
Policies in Indonesia:
Indonesia: A National Strategy - Action Plan of Climate Change
No description available at this time.
Indonesia: Act no 14 on Traffic and Land Transportation
All motorized vehicles are subject to testing regarding emissions and noise.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/062403-EnvMonitor2003/$File/indo+monitor.pdf
Indonesia: Minister of Environment Decree No. Kep-45/MENLH/10/1997 regarding Air Pollution Standard Index
Sets the nationwide air pollution standard index.
Date Implemented: 1997
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/062403-EnvMonitor2003/$File/indo+monitor.pdf
Indonesia: Area traffic control system (ATCS)
To regulate inflow from outside Jakarta into Jakarta in the morning, and the outflow in the evening, the government and the freeway administrators considered the idea of a road pricing scheme. It would increase inflow toll price into the city during morning, and outflow toll price during the evening. Within the city, a mandatory pricing scheme in the form of stickers or three in one regulations will be applied in highly congested areas such as the Central Business District. These initiatives did not materialize, however. The Area Traffic Control System is applied in main corridors and in the most dense traffic areas. Carpooling is encouraged and promoted through incentives: with the 3-in-1scheme, for two main corridors only private cars with three or more passengers can enter during peak hours (6:30-10am/5-7pm on weekdays).
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Indonesia: Minister of Environment Decree No. Kep-15/MENLH/11/1996 regarding Blue Sky Program
This decree established a nationwide air pollution control program for municipalities
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/062403-EnvMonitor2003/$File/indo+monitor.pdf
Indonesia: Blue Sky Program (Program Langit Biru) Decree No. 1585/k/32/MPE
This policy was initiated to improve air quality in Indonesia’s five largest cities: Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Surabya, and Medan. This program seeks to control emission from both moving sources (transportation sector) and idle source (residential, commercial and industrial sector). It will focus on (1) reducing traffic by increasing the capacity of the public transportation and encouraging the use of public transportation and (2) internalizing the cost of emission through levies and incentives. It also imposes controls on 20 industries to reduce pollution. The government also mandated the gradual phasing out of leaded gasoline. This Decree specifies the date (Jan 1, 2003) for the phase-out of leaded gasoline. Leaded gasoline has been completely phased out of the greater Jakarta area but efforts to extend the ban nationwide have thus far been only marginally successful.
Date Implemented: 1991/1992
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; EIA: Indonesia: Environmental Issues, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/indoe.html
Indonesia: Clean River Program or Program Kali Bersih (PROKASIH)
The PROKASIH Program involved five steps: (1) establishing local PROKASIH teams; (2) identifying specific firms in highly polluting industries – the target polluters; (3) getting these firms to sign voluntary letters of commitment to reduce pollution loads by 50 percent within an agreed timeframe; (4) monitoring subsequent results; and (5) applying pressure on those not making efforts to comply with their commitment. The implementation of PROKASIH was carried out by provincial authorities with the support of central agencies as needed. In addition, the media, NGOs and community groups were encouraged to participate and get involved.
Date Implemented: 1989
Status: Voluntary
References: Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/062403-EnvMonitor2003/$File/indo+monitor.pdf
Indonesia: Decree No. Kep-35A/MENLH/7/1995 to Assess Compliant Performance to PROKISIH Effort
This decree establishes rewards for companies who comply with environmental regulations and who actively participate in the PROKASIH program
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/062403-EnvMonitor2003/$File/indo+monitor.pdf
Indonesia: draft ‘Blueprint for National Energy Management 2005-2025’
The Plan emphasizes on the utilization of energy in efficient, equitable and sustainable way and widening public accessibility for energy sufficiency with reasonable price.The Plan targeted that RE contribute 4% of the country’s electricity demand by 2025. As a criticism of Plan the Indonesian Forum for Environment (WALHI) promoted the Jakarta seminar whose conclusions were pushing for the Blueprint to be redrafted with the aim of achieving around 20% of RE by 2025.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: Planned; Framework Policy
References: http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/GIA2005AnnualReportDraftWairakei4Dec200...
Indonesia: Eastern Indonesia Hybrid Energy Project
Advanced Energy Systems of Western Australia in conjunction with Indonesian company PT LEN Industries has been chosen to design, install and monitor the performance of solar/diesel hybrid power system in 14 villages in South Sulawesi.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: US$4.2 million//4.7 (source). Local provision: costs other than equipment costs
References: National Strategy Study of the Clean Development Mechanism in Indonesia; Advanced Energy Systems: Hybrid Project in Sulawesi,
Indonesia: Electricity Bill (Law no. 20/2002)
Although the restrucutring of the electricity sector in Indonesia began in the late 1990s, the Electricity Bill, which outlined the path toward a liberalized electricity sector, was not passed until 2002. This legislation included measures to facilitate the privatization of the sector, introducing a multi-seller/multi-buyer system. It also stipulated the social and environmental responsibilities of power producers, such as requring a certain percentage of renewable energy used and a percentage of electricity provided to the poor. It was annulled by the Constitutional Court in 2004 because it was seen to be not in line with the Constitution. The Government of Indonesia will draft a new law, but in the meantime, the Electricity Law no. 15/1985 has been reenacted. However, the contracts made under Law no. 20/2002 whereby private investors producing power sell to PLN are still valid, and these transactions are regulated by Government Decree no. 3/2005.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: Ended
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Indonesia: Minister of Environment Decree No. Kep-35/MENLH/10/1993 regarding Emission Limit for Gas Waste of Motor Vehicles
This decree limits for CO and HC emissions for motor vehicles.
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/062403-EnvMonitor2003/$File/indo+monitor.pdf
Indonesia: Minister of Environment Decree No. Kep-13/MENLH/3/1995 regarding Emission Standard for Stationery Sources
This decree limits for CO and HC emissions from stationary sources.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/062403-EnvMonitor2003/$File/indo+monitor.pdf
Indonesia: Energy Label for household appliances; SNI 04-6958-2003
No information available
Date Implemented: 2003
Indonesia: Presidential Decree No.10/2006 on Establishment of National Team for Biofuel Development (July, 2006)
Establishment of National Team for Green Energy Development for: Blueprint, Roadmap, Action Plan on Biofuels (Land Mapping & Use, Policy Issues, On Farm & Production, Infrastructure, Distribution & Pricing Funding)
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://unit.aist.go.jp/internat/biomassws/03workshop/material/day1indone...
Indonesia: Farm efficiency education
The government became aware that rural livestock management and farming practices could be more efficient, cost effective, and socially acceptable without reducing yield. (ex- in livestock management, the use of high quality forage such as legumes, and the use of rumen modifier to improve the feed quality of local crop residues can reduce methane. In paddy rice cultivation, controlled irrigation can lead to a reduction of CH4 emission). The government is committed to promote better agricultural practices by conducting nation-wide campaigns in collaboration with the provincial and local governments.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Indonesia: Forest Policy
Restriction of tree harvesting and forest conversion in upland areas, stepping up enforcement of laws concerning logging concessions and other upland land use, increasing monitoring activities, establishing fuelwood plantations, improving soil conservation techniques, and upgrading water management structures to control water flows and prevent soil erosion.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Indonesia: GOI Signs Biofuel Memorandum of understanding (MOUs) With Local Banks
Minister of Finance Sri Mulyani Indrawati signed memorandum of understanding (MOUs) with state-owned Bank Mandiri, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Bukopin, and two regional banks, to provide up to Rp 25.6 trillion ($2.8 billion) for the finance the development of agricultural crops for bio-energy and the revitalization of existing plantations. The banks will disburse the loans in stages over the next few years according to plantations’ needs. Under the terms of the MOU, interest rates on loans to plantations will be capped at 10%, with the GOI subsidizing any further interest charges. The GOI pledged in its Fiscal Year 2007 budget to provide interest-rate subsidies of up to Rp 1 trillion ($111 million) to support the program. Coordinating Minister for the Economy Boediono, Minister of Agriculture Anton Apriyantono, Bank of Indonesia Governor Burhanuddin Abdullah and local government heads witnessed the MOU signing.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.usembassyjakarta.org/econ/energy_highlight_dec06.html
Indonesia: Government Regulation No. 26/2006 (amendment of Government Regulation No. 3/ 2005)
About the National Electricity General Plan (RUKN): Government issues RUKN which contains electricity demand forecasting, electricity supply on sector basis, electricity facilities (transmission & distribution), primary energy utilization. Target : 93% household shall be electrified by 2025, 100% rural/villages shall be electrified by 2010. About private sector participation in electricity supply business: BUMN, BUMD, cooperatives, private sector, NGOs and individual may develop electricity supply as an Electric power business license holder.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Indonesia: Government Regulation No44 regarding vehicles and vehicle operation
Describes the technical requirements for vehicles, road worthiness, and driving regulations. Article 127 specifies that road worthiness of a vehicle includes meeting the emission and noise limits set by the Ministry of the Environment. The Ministry of Transportation/Communication is to oversee the implementation of these regulations, including emissions testing.
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/062403-EnvMonitor2003/$File/indo+monitor.pdf
Indonesia: Green Energy plan 2010-2025
This has been set as national commitment for sustainable energy supply and utilization.
Status: Framework Policy
References: http://unit.aist.go.jp/internat/biomassws/03workshop/material/day1indone...
Indonesia: Renewable Energy Development and Energy Conservation Policy (Green Energy Policy)
The Green Energy Policy includes the roadmap and guidelines for the development of renewable energy technologies for Indonesia, including the need for the related regulatory instruments.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/...
Indonesia: Industrial Tree Estate (HTI) program
In order to decrease the rate of deforestation, the government is developing fast growing plantations under the HTI (Industrial Tree Estate) program. By 1994 these plantations covered about 1.34 million hectares with the majority being Teak (67%); Pine (23%); Mahogany (8%); and Agathis. These plantations will provide the necessary wood and associated forest products, without having to log and harvest the country’s natural forests.
Status: Government Initiative
Targets: The plantation program is envisaged to eventually convert 6.2 million hectares of unproductive forest land into industrial plantations by 2000. About 1.8 million hectares will be Teak. By 2020, the government hopes to have half the country’s wood production sourced from these plantations.
References: Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study: Commentary on Forest Policy in the Asia-Pacific Region (A Review for Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand and Western Samoa), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/W7730E/w7730e...
Indonesia: Law no. 27/2003
The government aims to control the utilization of geothermal energy for sustainable development and increased revenue. There are implementation problems related to this policy, especially with regards to the decentralization and regional autonomy issues regarding the distribution of taxation between the central and local governments.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force
References: http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/...
Indonesia: Medium Scale Power Generation using Renewable Energy
The policy supports businesses with capacity less than 10 MW. Electricity Price by Utility:
Indonesia: Ministerial Decree no. 0002 of 2004, Green energy policy
Development policy of renewable energy and energy conservation, which covers among others investment and funding policy, incentives, energy pricing, human resource development, information, standardisation and certification, R&D, and institutionalisation.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: Framework Policies
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=weo&id=3339
Indonesia: Governor of DKI Jakarta Decree No 1041 on Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for DKI Jakarta
Sets emissions standards. Issued by local/city governments.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/062403-EnvMonitor2003/$File/indo+monitor.pdf
Indonesia: National Campaign to switch-off two lamps
The Government of Indonesia has launched a national campaign to switch off two 25 W lamps during peak hours (5-10pm) to reduce electricity consumption in anticipation of electricity supply shortages due to technical work at generation plants in the Java-Bali grid.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Indonesia: National Energy Conservation Plan/ Rencana Induk Konservasi Energi Nasional (RIKEN)- Decree No. 100.K
RIKEN is the framework plan for the implementation of a national energy conservation program. It outlines the strategies and activities to support the government’s energy policy through general policy instruments, namely: information, incentives, regulation and pricing. It also aims to enhance public awareness and attitude towards energy conservation and create the appropriate climate that is conducive for energy conservation endeavors. RIKEN as a framework plan for the implementation of a nation wide energy conservation program not been completely implemented, so the benefits that are expected through the implementation of RIKEN are also not yet fully realized.
Target: The Ministry of Mines and Energy estimates that, in the long term, the country’s energy conservation potential is between 10 to 30%
References: Indonesia Government Policies Related to Energy Efficiency, ASEAN Centre for Energy; Compendium on Energy Conservation Legislation, UN, http://www.unescap.org/esd/energy/publications/compend/ceccpart1chapter1...
Indonesia: Network of ambient air quality monitoring stations
The Government of Indonesia established a network of ambient air quality monitoring stations in 10 cities to provide air quality data and status information, to implement the Pollution Standard Index (PSI) to monitor transboundary air quality issues and catastrophic emissions from forest fires, volcanoes, etc.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: Funding from the Government of Austria
References: Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/062403-EnvMonitor2003/$File/indo+monitor.pdf
Indonesia: Paper Sludge and Solid Waste Recycling for Steam Generation
Installation of 100 BD ton/day capacity incinerator for energy generation. Reducing emission by 91,000 t CO2/year.
Date Implemented: Completed 2001
Status: Government Initiative; Ended
Funding Information: US$8-9 million grant worth of technology and supervision from NEDO Japan. Local provision: US$3.3 million for site and EPC costs
References: National Strategy Study of the Clean Development Mechanism in Indonesia
Indonesia: Presidential Instruction no. 10/2005/Ministerial Regulation PerMen ESDM no. 31/2005
The Presidential Instruction (Impres) called on Ministers, Governors, Mayors and other government officials to use energy efficiently. The Ministerial Regulation followed up on the Impres with details of implementation of energy efficient processes and policies. It also included a report of the energy consumption of each institution.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.usembassyjakarta.org/econ/Energy_Highlights_2005_July.pdf
http://www.resourcesaver.com/file/toolmanager/O105UF1954.pdf
Indonesia: Presidential Instruction No. 9
All state-owned entities (and all government buildings) were asked to implement programs on energy efficiency and energy conservation. All forms of energy consumption were to be reported monthly and energy consumption was to be effected “efficiently and rationally without reducing energy consumption which is truly required”. No sanctions against non-performance.
Date Implemented: 1982
Status: Voluntary
References: Compendium on Energy Conservation Legislation, UN, http://www.unescap.org/esd/energy/publications/compend/ceccpart1chapter1...
Indonesia: Presidential Regulation No.5/2006 on National Energy Policy (January, 2006)
Promoting utilization of renewable source of energy: biofuels, solar energy, wind energy, ocean wave and current energy, geothermal etc. Promoting energy efficiency and conservation and optimalization on energy production.Reduction of subsidy on fuel price. Reduction of energy elasticity.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://unit.aist.go.jp/internat/biomassws/03workshop/material/day1indone...
Indonesia: Reduced Impact Logging for Carbon Sequestration
Implementation of Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) techniques to reduce GHG emissions associated with logging practices (estimated impact: 134,379 t CO2 throughout 40 years period). The project involves the development of guidelines and procedures for implementing RIL techniques, on-site training in directional felling, and the implementation of RIL techniques on a total of 600 hectares (ha) of forested land targeted for imminent harvesting. Special strategies, including collaborative planning and management, will be undertaken to ensure that RIL ultimately contributes to local sustainable development. This is to ensure that the local community will gain economic benefits.
Status: Mandatory
References: National Strategy Study of the Clean Development Mechanism in Indonesia;
Activities Implemented Jointly (UNFCCC), ; http://unfccc.int/kyoto_mechanisms/aij/activities_implemented_jointly/it...
Indonesia: Government Regulation No. 03/2005, Regulation on Electricity Supply and Utilization
Regulate the supply and utilization of electricity; priority is to be given to the use of local sources of energy with the mandatory prioritizing of renewable sources of energy for power generation without bidding process. It is not clear how this prioritazing will be effected.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Indonesia: Renewable Energy Supply Systems (RESS)
To supply electric current to community in the remote areas in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), this project installed 175 units of Solar Home Systems (SHS), 3 Micro Hydro Power Plants, and 2 Hybrid Systems. In operation since October 1998, handed over to Gov’t of Indonesia in March 2001.
Date Implemented: 1997-2000
Status: Ended
Funding Information: AIJ pilot phase project. US$ 3.5 million grant from E7. Local provision: c.a. US$0.1 million
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; National Strategy Study of the Clean Development Mechanism in Indonesia
Indonesia: Renewable Energy Training/Demonstration Project - Kemiri, Irian Jaya (Papua)
Installation of renewable energy based electricity systems (SHS, Mini Hydro, Hybrid System), reducing emissions by 64 t CO2/year
Date Implemented: Formal timeframe for project: 1997 - 1998 but monitoring to extend through Dec 2000
Status: Ended; Government Initiative
Funding Information: Cost: US$ 234,000
References: National Strategy Study of the Clean Development Mechanism in Indonesia; Joint Implementation Quarterly, Magazine on the Kyoto Mechanisms (2000),
Indonesia: Ministerial Decree: No. 1122 K/30/MEM/2002, Small Distributed Power Generation using Renewable Energy
4 Micro Hydro Power Plants (MHPP) have been interconnected; 6 MHPP under processing to be interconnected to the grid; Electricity Price by Utility: 60% x Utility’s Production Cost, if connected to the low voltage grid 80% x Utility’s Production Cost, if connected to the medium voltage grid.
Date Implemented: 2002
References: http://www.gridre.org/images/Session_3_Maritje_Hutapea.pdf
Indonesia: Small Power Distributed Generation Using Renewable Energy
The policy has set tariffs to be paid to generators at 60% of the utility’s production cost if the project is connected to the low voltage grid, and 80% if connected to the medium voltage grid.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://gsr.ren21.net/index.php?title=Indonesia
Indonesia: Smog Check
A mandatory regulation requiring all vehicles to pass an emission or smog check before paying the annual taxes.
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: The government will elect a set of privately owned repair shops as certifying agencies for these smog tests.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Indonesia: Solar Home System Project
Solar/PV technology is an attractive option for electrification of the Indonesian archipelago because of the complex nature of establishing a comprehensive electricity grid for a country made up of more than 13,000 islands, many of them very small and remote. This project aims to commercialize solar photovoltaic home systems in rural areas, assisting the acceptance of the technology as part of a cost effective strategy of rural electrification. About 200,000 systems were to be installed through this project in areas too remote to access existing power grids. The project also was to develop a plan to meet the energy needs of rural populations for which solar home systems are the least costly alternative.
Date Implemented: 1997-2002
Status: Ended; Government Initiative
Funding Information: Total Budget: US$ 118.1 million. Funded by the World Bank, the Government of Indonesia, (Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology), participating banks, subborrowers and end users.
References: Project Description, http://www.gefweb.org/Outreach/outreach-PUblications/Project_factsheet/I...
Indonesia: Presidential Instruction No.1/2006 on Supply and Utilization of Biofuels as Alternative Energy (January, 2006)
Accelerating bio-fuel utilization for fossil fuel substitution, prioritazing the utilization of bio-fuel for industries
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://unit.aist.go.jp/internat/biomassws/03workshop/material/day1indone...
Indonesia: The “One Million Trees” program (Program Sejuta Pohon)
The government plans to plant one million more trees in urban areas in order to improve the ambient air quality./ plans to rehabilitate 54 ha of forest.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Indonesia: The National Energy Policy
In its national energy policy for the years 2005-2020, the Indonesian government aims to increase energy efficienct, promote renewables, implement Demand Side Management and use cleaner fuels.
Date Implemented: 2005-2020
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Targets: to have at least 5% share of renewable energy in the national energy mixby 2020
References: http://www.jst.go.jp/astf/document2/en_25doc.pdf
Indonesia: Minister for Transportation/Communications Decree No. KM-8-1989 on Vehicle Emissions Standards in the Context of Road Worthiness
This policy sets the limits for CO and HC emissions for vehicles to be considered ‘road worthy’.
Date Implemented: 1989
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/062403-EnvMonitor2003/$File/indo+monitor.pdf
Indonesia: Waste Minimization
Government initiative to begin reducing waste in the industrial sector, encouraging research on industry-specific waste management techniques and technologies, launching a public campaign and eventually instituting fiscal incentives and regulatory instruments.
Date Implemented: 1994
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MARKET IN INDONESIA, World Agroforestry Centre, http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Networks/RUPES/download/Working%20P...
Policies in Iran:
Iran: Energy Efficiency Labeling of Energy Consuming Products
This includes labeling for refrigerators/freezers, evaporative coolers, centrifugal pumps, and washing machines and minmum energy perforamance standards and testing. The label is based on the European label design due to the market and manufacturer links with Europe(although it is a mirror image and has Persian script). The Standards and Industrial Research Organization of Iran administrates the program. Energy efficiency ratings are based on random selection and testing of the products, according to the established standard performance test procedures at the Standards Organization laboratories. Companies do use the energy label as a marketing tool and run national TV commercials showing their standards’ compliance although there is currently no penalty imposed on products with no energy label.
Status: Planned; Mandatory
References: Iran Energy efficiency Organization (IEEO - SABA)
http://www.apec-esis.org/countryinfosummary.php?country=Iran#Mandatory%20Label
Iran: Air Pollution Abatement Programme
Tehran Municipality will convert 1,500 diesel-fuelled buses to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). A mandatory emission inspection and control program was set up for motor vehicles permitted to enter the city’s Restricted Traffic Zone (RTZ). Lanes were specifically designated for buses. As a result, urban bus services, including ridership have increased in the last three years by thirty-five percent and average trip time has decreased. A Park and Ride facility with a capacity of 200 cars has also increased bus ridership.
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.unescap.org/drpad/vc/conference/bg_ir_14_iap.htm
Iran: Air pollution emissions standards of 1998
All cars, both imported and domestic, have had to meet the ECEISO4 standards for emissions, and in the upcoming Iranian year manufacturers will be required to observe ECE-R83 standards, and the standards for light vehicles in Iran have been effectively increased to ECE R15.04 / ECE R49. Although already an accepted standard in Iran, this was generally not enforced until 2000.
Date Implemented: 1999/2000
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.ricardo.com/emlegTrial/general.asp
Iran: Area Traffic Control Scheme
Vehicles with odd and even license plate numbers will only be allowed into Tehran on alternate days. However, a previous similar plan, whereby private cars were restricted entry into the city on weekdays using special passes, proved ineffective in reducing pollution levels.
Status: Ended, but may be put back into effect
References: http://www.aghayan.com/iranpol0502.htm
Iran: Atomic Energy Act
The Act covers the activities for which the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran was established, including using atomic energy and radiation in industry, agriculture and service industries, setting up atomic power stations and desalination factories, producing source materials needed in atomic industries, creating the scientific and technical infrastructure required for carrying out the said projects, as well as coordinating and supervising all matters pertaining to atomic energy in the country.
Date Implemented: 1974
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/cnpp2003/CNPP_Webpage/PDF/...
Iran: Collecting old, polluting cars
The Iranian government has implemented this policy whereby older cars, responsible for most of the urban pollution, are collected. The owners of these vehicles are compensated and provided with low-interest loans to buy replacement automobiles.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resources/Environment.pdf
Iran: Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act
Four categories of protected natural area are identified under this law, and clauses indicated that any previously designated sites are to be reclassified: national park (wildlife parks were redesignated as national parks in 1974), wildlife refuge, protected area and national nature monument.
Date Implemented: 1974
Iran: International Action Programme (IAP), Developing National Renewable Energy Masterplan
Development of renewable energy utilisation and related technology improvements. This master plan will be coordinated with other national development programmes, such as Five-Year-Development-Plans.
Date Implemented: 2004-2010
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Funding Information: EUR 350 million to be allocated by the Ministry of Energy EUR 100 million is expected to be financed by the private sector, and EUR 300 million to be financed through international organisations, FDI, and other foreign financial sources.
Targets: By 2010, total installed capacity of renewable energy will reach 500 MW. This includes small-scale hydro power (80 MW), wind power (250 MW), solar thermal power (17.25 MW), photovoltaic (3 MW), geothermal (100 MW), and solar thermal (50 MWh).
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=86 http://www.iranenergy.org.ir
http://www.moe.org.ir
Iran: Law Applicable to Any Economical, Cultural, Societal Development
No details available.
Date Implemented: 1989
Iran: Law of Environmental Protection and Development
No details available.
Date Implemeted: 1991
Iran: Law of Protection Against Natural Environmental Damages
Ne details available.
Date Implemented: 1991
Iran: Management of Forest Resources
Planting fruit species and multi-purpose trees in the degraded national lands in the north. An example of the government’s “bottom up” approach, it aims to improve the economics of forestry, create employment and raise production of non-wood products while protecting and increasing soil fertility.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Iran: Measures to recover flare gases
Iran is engaged in measures to recover flare gas to increase oil production efficiency and reduce GHG emission. Iran is working with Nippon Oil Company from Japan.
References: http://www.climate-change.ir/en/DNA%20Presentation%20Workshop/07_Yamaguchi.pdf
Iran: National Clean Air Act
No details available.
Date Implemented: 1975
References: UNEP http://ekh.unep.org/
Iran: National Strategy for Environmental Sustainable Development
Environmental study carried out prior to NBSAP. Never implemented because the integration mechanism wasn’t properly understood. However, it provided valuable experience that will be used in implementation of NBSAP in the Third Five-Year National Socio-Economic Development Plan.
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: Planned, not implemented
References: http://www.caspianenvironment.org/biodiversity/iran/forth.htm
Iran: Plant Protection Law
No details available.
Date Implemented: 1967
Iran: The Forest Law
No details available.
References: http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/wssd/iran.pdf
Iran: The Law of Protection and Exploitation of Forest and Range
Includes specific legislation relating to areas which may be declared as forest parks. They are administered by the Forestry and Range Organisation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources and are maintained as parks designated primarily for recreation, although often include important representatives of unique woodland stand types.
Date Implemented: 1967
References: http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/country/irn.htm
Iran: The Second Five-Year National Socio-Economic Development Plan
All economic and social activities must be performed within the constraints of environmental and biodiversity conservation and management. All major development projects (productive and infrastructure) must have Environmental Impact Assessment; Any major industrial and mining activities must be conducted consistently with ecologically sustainable development principles and within the framework of environmental standards and regulations; Natural resource exploitation of must be sustainable in the long-term, balancing the need for economic value, environmental protection and inter-generation equity; and domestic energy consumption must aim to minimize adverse environmental effects (e.g. pollution, move from oil to gas, or preferably to renewable sources such as solar energy). Iran has given preference to the development of hydropower in the past two Five Year plans.
Date Implemented: 1994- 1999
Status: Ended
References: National CBD Reports, http://www.caspianenvironment.org/biodiversity/iran/forth.htm http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/cnpp2003/CNPP_Webpage/coun...
Iran: Third 5-Year Development Plan (esp Article 104:D and 134)
The by-laws aim to prevent the pollution of air, as well as underground and aboveground water sources, and specified the related penalties for violations. Production units are obliged to adapt their technical specifications with ecological standards. The units that refuse to follow the procedure, and whose operations lead to pollution and environmental destruction would be penalized proportionately. According to the law, prior to the implementation of any large production and services, projects and plans should be environmentally assessed during their feasibility studies. Article 134 requires that operating licenses be approved and issued for any company looking to exploit aboveground or underground water supplies or establish urban distribution networks involving heavy industry, animal husbandry and services units. Activities producing large amounts of wastewater, including sewage treatment installations, would also require official consent, while the extension of previously issued permits would be dependant on passing an inspection. Any infractions would result in penalties, based on the type and amount of pollution.
Date Implemented: 1999-2004
Status: Ended; Mandatory
References: http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resources/Environment.pd
Policies in Malaysia:
Malaysia: Biogen Project, Phase I
Biomass Grid-Connected Power Generation and Co-Generation (Biogen) Project aims to reduce the growth rate of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel by promoting biomass-based power generation and combined heat & power generation system using wastes from palm oil mills. The project managed to provide key policy interventions where RE is further given emphasized for the 9th Malaysia Plan period. It has also demonstrated the need of a project financing facility by establishing the renewable energy business fund (REBF) where it can emulated by other financial institutions.
Date Implemented: 2003-2006
Status: Ended
Funding Information: UNDP-GEF project
References: http://www.undp.org.my/uploads/files/01.%20GEF4_NationalDialogue_Program...
Malaysia: Biogen Project, Phase II
Date Implemented: 2007-2009
Funding Information: UNDP-GEF project
References: http://www.undp.org.my/uploads/files/01.%20GEF4_NationalDialogue_Program...
Malaysia: Electricity Supply Act
This Act regulates the licensing of electricity generation, transmission and distribution. It enforces licensing and registration provisions.
Date Implemented: 1990
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Malaysia: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010)
The Ninth Plan strengthens the initiatives for energy efficiency and renewable energy put forth in the Eighth Malaysia Plan that focused on better utilisation of energy resources. An emphasis to further reduce the dependency on petroleum provides for more efforts to integrate alternative fuels.
Date Implemented: 2006-2010
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Malaysia: Energy efficiency guidelines
The Malaysian government negotiates with building contractors, manufacturers and suppliers to promote the use of energy efficient materials and equipment.
Date Implemented: 1989
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; ASEAN Center for Energy: Malaysia, Guidelines on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Malaysia: Energy Policy in the 8th Malaysia Plan/Five Fuel Policy
The goals of the 8th Plan include a safe, cost-effective, secure energy supply which means promoting renewables, cogeneration, diversification, efficiency and using auditing, financial and fiscal incentives, technology development, and labelling. The 8th Plan includes several incentive mechanisms for the promotion of environmental measures and the use of renewables in the private sector. Companies that undertake forest plantation projects or energy conservation measures or use energy from renewable biomass, mini-hydro or solar are eligible for Pioneer Status with a tax exemption of 100% of the statutory income for 10 years; or Investment Tax Allowance of 100% on the qualifying capital expenditure incurred within five years, which can be offset against 100% of the statutory income for each year of assessment. For the energy related measures, companies can also qualify for higher exemptions or allowances if the activities take place in ‘promoted areas’. Originally the four fuel diversification policy focused on oil, gas, coal and hydro. In the 8th plan, it was broadened to include renewables as a fifth in the new Five Fuel Strategy.
Date Implemented: 2001-2005
Status: Framework Policy
Targets: Renewable Energy was to make up 5% of the nation’s total energy consumption by 2005
References: Environmental Management, Malaysian Industrial Development Authority
Malaysia: Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations
These Regulations set emission and effluent discharge limits. They limited emissions from motor vehicles except for motorcycles (which generally make up more than half of all registered motor vehicles in Malaysia)
Date Implemented: 1978
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Malaysia: Environmental Quality (Open Burning)
This legislation bans open burning and enforces this ban upon penalty of a fine and/or prison time
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.jas.sains.my/jas/sob/openburning.htm
Malaysia: Environmental Quality Act
This act provides for the prevention, abatement, and control of pollution through licensing, and mandates the conducting of an Environmental Assessment Report for proposed public and private sector projects to determine and prevent or prepare for the environmental consequences of the project. It was brought into effect with the implementation of a subsequent set of specific regulations and laws.
Date Implemented: 1974, ‘85 & ‘95
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC;
http://www.rrcap.unep.org/country/cp/seasia/cp_malaysia.cfm
http://www.oilandgasforum.net/management/regula/malaysiaprof.htm
http://www.unescap.org/drpad/publication/integra/volume3/malaysia/3my03d...
Malaysia: Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement Project
This program has been set up in eight manufacturing/ industrial sectors. The government is implementing demonstration projects for energy saving technologies and fiscal incentives for the manufacture of energy efficient industrial equipment. It is providing energy audits and engineering services, project financing, and training and information to plant managers and operators, and supervising the implementation and completion of projects and programs, ensuring the long term sustainability of the programs and activities with the appropriate deliverables and follow-up measures.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force
Funding Information: The project is jointly funded by the Government of Malaysia (US$6.3 million), the Global Environment Facility (US$7.3 million), the UNDP (US$300,000) and the Malaysian private sector (US$5.26 million)
Targets: The aim was to reduce GHG emissions in the industrial sector by 10% by 2004
References: Project website, http://www.ptm.org.my/mieeip/
“Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Malaysia,” www.ias.unu.edu/binaries2/Malaysia_EducationReport_Aug2004.doc
Malaysia: MBIPV Project
The Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic Technology Application (MBIPV) project promotes increased use of photovoltaic (PV) technology to tap solar energy and generate electricity for buildings. The project is expected to increase Malaysia’s installed BIPV capacity by about 330% (2MWp by 2010), and to lower the technology unit cost by some 20% than at present.
Date Implemented: 2005-2010
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: UNDP-GEF project
References: http://www.undp.org.my/uploads/files/01.%20GEF4_NationalDialogue_Program...
Malaysia: Memorandum of understanding on new biomass technologies (China, Malaysia)
Plantation Industries and Commodities Minister Datuk Peter Chin said a study would be conducted to set out the scope of cooperation and the possible joint R&D projects relevant to biofuel and biomass technologies. The cooperation is prompted by China’s growing interest in securing supply of feedstock for its biofuel industry and Malaysia’s interest in the development of biofuel using oil seeds such as rapeseed as an alternative to palm oil.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/8/31/business/152892...
Malaysia: MIEEIP Project
Project aims to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fuel combustion from manufacturing
industries in Malaysia, which accounts for about a quarter of total, by promoting efficient and rational energy use and removing barriers. Since inception, 50 factories audited, 5 demonstration projects have been commissioned and more than a thousand industry professionals have benefited from the project.
Date Implemented: 2000-2006
Status: Ended
Funding Information: UNDP-GEF project
References: http://www.undp.org.my/uploads/files/01.%20GEF4_NationalDialogue_Program...
Malaysia: National Biofuel Policy
Implementation of the National Biofuel Policy will be spearheaded by the Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities. Towards this end, specific legislation on biofuels will be enacted. This initiative is in line with nation’s Five-Fuel Diversification Policy, a national policy to promote renewable energy (RE) as the fifth fuel along with fossil fuels and hydropower. As a start, the Government is promoting a 5%-mix of processed palm oil with petroleum diesel (B5 diesel) by applying to a fleet of government vehicles on a trial
basis and by establishing B5 diesel pumps at selected stations. The standard for the biodiesel is being developed and a new legislation to mandate the use of B5 diesel will be tabled in Parliament. Government stopped issuing new licensing as of July 2006 – and the total capacity has reached 3,000,000 tons/year, which is six times larger than the projected biodiesel demand for the domestic transportation sector. In terms of promotion of RE and energy efficiency in general, the Government provides various tax incentives for new investments, such as 100% tax exemption for pioneer status business models for a 10-year period and 60% tax allowance on capital expenditure for improving energy conservation. The Government also announced that all Government agencies will be required to target a 10% savings in energy consumption for 2006, which will provide another incentive for energy savings.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://www.palmoil.com/index.php?q=D1VTW1tASgIEAhEbVg9RAgsIBw==
Malaysia: National Energy Policy
The main objectives of the National Energy Policy include the safe and cost-effective provision of quality energy to the population, the promotion of efficient energy consumption practices and ensuring that the appropriate provisions are taken to protect the environment. The strategies employed involve diversification of fuel type and sources, developing technology, maximize use of indigenous energy resources, competition and appropriate pricing in the industry, bench marking, auditing, financial and fiscal incentives, technology development, and labeling.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Economic Planning Unit of the Prime Minister’s Department
http://www.epu.jpm.my/New%20Folder/development%20policies/cont%20key%20policies/energypolicies.htm
Malaysia: National Forestry Policy
This Act designates Permanent Forest Reserves (PFR) for climate and ecology protection, regeneration and rehabilitation, research and sustainable harvesting
Date Implemented: 1978, revised 1993
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: Each state should maintain 47% of land area as forest reserves, long term goal: 50%
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; http://www.adb.org/Documents/Events/2003/Reg_Workshop_Forests_Climate_Ch... http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/index.html?http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/co...
Malaysia: National Policy on the Environment
The aim of this policy is to lead Malaysia in developing its economy and exploiting its natural resources in a sustainable fashion, with the participation of all sectors of society in the conservation efforts
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; Department of Environment, National Policy
http://www.jas.sains.my/jas/NPOTE/content_intro.htm
Malaysia: New legislation to mandate the use of B5 diesel
The standard for the biodiesel is being developed and a new legislation to mandate the use of B5 diesel will be tabled in Parliament as soon as this year. The Government is promoting a 5%-mix of processed palm oil with petroleum diesel (B5 diesel) by applying to a fleet of government vehicles on a trial basis and by establishing B5 diesel pumps at selected stations.
Status: Mandatory
References: http://biz.thestar.com.my/
Malaysia: Road Transport Act
This Act regulates the roads of Malaysia and their use (from speed limits to motor insurance, etc.). In terms of climate provisions, it also regulates vehicle emissions/exhaust.
Date Implemented: 1987
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Malaysia: Small and Renewable Energy Program (SREP)
This program aims to intensify the development of renewable energy as the ‘fifth fuel’ in electricity generation. Under this program, small power generations plants (10 MW and below) that use renewable sources can apply to sell electricity to two of the three main utilities, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) and Sabah Electricity Sdn.Bhd (SESB), through the distribution grid system.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.st.gov.my/
Malaysia: Third Outline Perspective Plan
No details available
Date Implemented: 2001-2010
Status: In Force
Malaysia: Vision 2020
The plan to achieve the government’s objective of becoming a developed nation by 2020 and sustaining a 7% annual growth rate and restructuring the manufacturing sector involves primarily securing the proper infrastructure and framework for the private sector to flourish. The government aims to maintain its policies of deregulation and liberalization, its efforts to attract FDI and its emphasis on education and investment in human capital. These efforts will lead to stronger local enterprises and the development of indigenous technologies. The government will only provide the appropriate assistance schemes” to raise the level of management expertise, technological know-how and skills” and ensuring “healthy fiscal and monetary management.” The environment is mentioned as a priority, and appropriate measure will be taken to protect it, as the government acknowledges that development is only meaningful for the long term future of the country if it is sustainable.
Date Implemented: 1991
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.pmo.gov.my/website/webdb.nsf/0ab9c2ac2974c86e48256bbc001c6650/7ad5d804a3df90cd48256e840035808e?OpenDocument
Policies in Mexico:
Mexico: City driver requirements
In major urban centers, private car drivers are required to have catalytic converters or refrain from driving one day a week (“Hoy no circula”).
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Mexico’s Environmental Issues, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/mexenv.html
Mexico: Daylight Savings
Implementing Daylight Savings reduces the demand for electricity by ‘daylight’ hours align more with the actual hours of daylight. This measure, giving an extra hour of daylight at the day’s end, when energy consumption is high, was estimated to save Mexico two million barrels of oil a day because of the increase in daylight.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: ‘Advances with Regard to Climate Change’
Mexico: Ley Federal para Prevenir y Controlar la Contaminación Ambiental (Federal Law for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution)
Three sets of regulations were enacted to implement this Law: regulations to prevent and control atmospheric pollution caused by dust and smoke; regulations to control water pollution; and regulations to prevent and control pollution of the sea.
Date Implemented: 1971
Status: In Force; Framework policy
References: http://www.natlaw.com/pubs/spmxen13.htm
Mexico: Freight vehicle renewal programme
Payments to replace old, inefficient freight vehicles available to 2007
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: ECMT Env Group 19 May 2005
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=weo&id=3222
Mexico: General Law for Sustainable Forest Development
To contribute to the social, economic, ecological, and environmental development of the country, through the sustainable management of forest resources; to encourage the use of forest resources in such a way that will ensure the improvement of the Mexicans’ standard of living; to develop environmental goods and services and to protect, maintain and increase the biodiversity offered by forest resources; to respect the right to the preferential use and enjoyment of forest resources of the places occupied and inhabited by indigenous communities.
Date Implemented: 2002
References: ‘Advances with Regard to Climate Change’
Mexico: Grid- Connected Solar
The Global Environmen Facility (GEF) together with the UNDP is helping to fund a project that will help create more photovoltaic systems integrated into the power grid. This is aimed to reduce the strain during peak months when capacity is limited and prices are high.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: Proposed
Funding Information: $1,000,000 GEF grant to support the project
References: GEF-
http://www.thegef.org/uploadedFiles/Documents/Medium-Sized_Project_Proposals/Mexico_Grid-Connected_Photovoltaic.pdf
Mexico: Grid- Connected Wind Power
Mexico is constructing La Venta II Wind Farm in Oaxaca which will generate power for the national grid. The project will also facilitate technology and skills transfer for the wind power sector.
Date Implemented: 2007
Funding Information: support from World Bank Carbon Financing Unit
Targets: Installed capacity and estimated yearly average generation will be 83.3 MW and and 307,728 MWh. This is expected to displace 205,380 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year.
References: http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Projport&ProjID=31086
Mexico: Initiative of Law for the Use of Renewable Sources of Energy (LAFRE)
Establishes the creation of a Program for the Use of Renewable Energy Sources of Energy. A minimum percentage of 8% in renewable energy contribution to total energy generation is established as a goal for 2012. This goal does not include big hydroelectric plants. SENER will develop and coordinate the implementation of the Program for the Use of RenewableEnergy Sources of Energy. The law establishes, among other things, that payments to private generators for the energy delivered to the National Electric System shall reflect the operation costs avoided by the suppliers through the operation of the generation projects. As well, the National Electric System shall accept electricity from renewable energy sources at any time it is produced.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: Planned; Framework Policy
Funding Information: To achieve the goals it is deemed necessary to channel approximately 600 million pesos per year (equivalent to 55 million USD; at 2005 value) in order to grant incentives to foster public and private investment for the development and operation of RE electricity projects for public service, using competitive technologies. It is also necessary to provide additional resources (in the order of 400 million pesos per year approximately equivalent to 37 million USD) to promote other, less mature technologies, yet considered strategic for Mexico (electric and non electric applications), as well as to foster national research and technological development, as well as social development and economic growth in less advanced regions and population sectors. With regards to the trust fund, it establishes that federal resources will be used in the following way over the first year of operation: 55% for the “Green Fund”, to foster the use of RE mature technologies (electrical applications). 6% for the “Emergent Technologies Fund” (electrical applications). 10% for the “Rural Electrification Fund”. 7% for the “Biofuels Fund”. 7% for the “General RE Fund” (for non-electrical applications). 15% for the “Research and Technological Development Fund (FIDTER for its acronym in Spanish)”. At least 20% of FIDTER resources will be granted to assess national RE potentials.
References: http://www.conae.gob.mx/work/sites/CONAE/resources/LocalContent/4427/4/s...
http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment2.asp?id=95
Mexico: Initiative of modification of the Income Tax Law
Proposes a fiscal incentive that promotes investment and use of RE in the residential sector, and consists in a fiscal credit of 30% to the investment in RE electricity generation equipment.
References:
http://www.conae.gob.mx/work/sites/CONAE/resources/LocalContent/4427/4/s...
Mexico: Initiative to modify the Federal Rights Law
Intends that fossil fuels pay a right based on the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emitted during their combustion, penalizing their consumption under “the polluter pays principle”. For liquid fuels, it proposes rights of 0.52¢ to 0.97¢ peso per liter and a greater tax for solid fuels. For natural gas, it proposes rights of 19.7¢ of weight per thousand cubic feet. Income generated will be destined to the promotion of RE.
References:
http://www.conae.gob.mx/work/sites/CONAE/resources/LocalContent/4427/4/s...
Mexico: La Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía (CONAE)
The CONAE was created with the intention of functioning as technical organ of consultation. The most important functions of the CONAE are to promote action plans for efficient use of energy; to promote renewable energies; to coordinate actions of saving and rational use of energy; to prepare, to coordinate and to evaluate the national programs of energy saving; to promote and to foment studies related to the use of energy; to support the investigation, development and diffusion of technologies for the efficient use of energy; to develop Mexican Official Norms of efficient use of energy; and to supply technical assistance. The CONAE has established diverse programs, including: heat installation programs, program for saving energy in domestic illumination, obligatory norms for power efficiency, a summer schedule, a program for saving energy in Federal public administrative buildings (’99), a campaign of saving energy/energy efficiency in the petroleum sector, cogeneration in the electrical sector, and programs for the promotion of renewables.
Date Implemented: 1989
Status: In Force; Commission in charge of programs
Funding Information: Commission was set up with World Bank resources
Milestones: From 1995 to 2002, 9,120 GWh, 1,561 MW and 8.3 MMBOE accumulated saving was obtained in electrical energy, power and thermal energy respectively. An accumulated saving of 16,065 GWh, 2,926 MW and 10.6 MMBOE for these items is expected for 2006 (CONAE).
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCCC; Advances with Regard to Climate Change
Mexico: Law for the Development and Promotion of Bioenergy
This Law promotes the production of ethanol and other biofuels, as a means to foster the national agroindustry, diversify energy supply and achieve sustainable development.
Status: Planned
References: http://www.conae.gob.mx/work/sites/CONAE/resources/LocalContent/4427/4/s...
Mexico: Ley Agricola y Forestal del Estado de Mexico/Reglamento de la Ley Forestal
Regulates the administration and handling of the forest resources, as well as the promotion of forest activity. The main thrust of the legislation is to promote more efficient use of forest resources. The government will sponsor studies to evaluate environmental damage and the measures necessary to rectify the situation. It will implement the necessary means to regulate the improvement, conservation, restoration and rational use of the natural resources destined to agricultural and forest activities. It also will divide into zones in order to facilitate planning of the use of forest resources in a more sustainable manner. The regulation also includes measures to prevent and combat forest fires.
Date Implemented: 1996/1998
Status: In Force
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCCC;
http://www.edomexico.gob.mx/legistel/cnt/LeyEst_011.html
Mexico: Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente (LGEEPA)
First comprehensive environmental legislation. (In 1996, it was amended to include sustainable development as a priority for the Mexican government.) The original legislation included measures for the protection of natural areas; exploitation of natural elements, including land and water; and protection of the environment, including atmospheric contamination, water and soil contamination, hazardous activities and waste, nuclear energy and other forms of pollution. LGEEPA also sets forth control and safety measures, penalties for non-compliance, guidelines for environmental impact statements and risk assessment. Additionally, LGEEPA addresses matters of jurisdiction, ecological zoning, and enforcement. It requires Federal, State and local authorities to develop, within their respective jurisdiction, sound policies that include economic, financial, tax and market schemes that must identify as high-priority those activities related to “the research and implementation of energy-saving mechanisms and use of reduced contamination energy sources”.
Date Implemented: 1988
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCCC; EIA Mexico’s Environmental Issues
http://www.maquilaportal.com/public/artic/artic332e.htm
Mexico: Mexico Renewable Energy Program
The objective of the Mexico Renewable Energy Program is to promote the appropriate and sustainable use of renewable energy technologies in Mexico, in order to: (1) Increase the quality and to reduce the costs of renewable energy technologies (components, systems, and services) by expanding markets for, and providing feedback to, the U.S. and Mexican renewable energy industry; (2) Increase the use of clean energy sources to combat global climate change (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and to protect our natural environment by limiting pollution; and (3) Increase the economic, social, and health standards in rural, off-grid households and communities by utilizing renewable energy systems for productive applications . The Mexico Renewable Energy Program focuses on the use of renewable energy technologies, particularly photovoltaics and small wind electric systems, for rural, off-grid productive applications. Productive applications are those that provide an economic benefit to the user of the technology, thus providing a financial means to purchase and maintain the renewable energy system. Such applications make the use of the technology more sustainable and replicable. The use of renewable energy systems in rural off-grid applications are often the most cost-effective way to provide electricity. The program also supports applications that are aimed at providing social, health, and/or educational benefits to the user.
Date Implemented: 1994-2004
Status: Ended; Voluntary
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=weo&id=3213
Mexico: NADF-008-AMBT-2005
Esta Norma Ambiental tiene por objeto establecer los criterios para el aprovechamiento de la energía solar en el calentamiento de agua; los requerimientos mínimos de calidad; las especificaciones técnicas de instalación, funcionamiento y mantenimiento de los sistemas para calentamiento de agua por medio del aprovechamiento de la energía solar; y se aplica a establecimientos que inicien operaciones a partir del día siguiente de la publicación de la presente norma y a establecimientos que realicen la remodelación total de sus instalaciones en el Distrito Federal, que requieran agua caliente para realizar sus actividades.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force
References:http://www.conae.gob.mx/work/sites/CONAE/resources/LocalContent/4427/4/sp-en-energias-renovables-mexico-2006.pdf
Mexico: National Award for Electrical Energy Saving
Publically recognizing those institutions and companies that have stood out in their efforts to conserve energy or increase efficiency during the previous year .
Date Implemented: 1991
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: ‘Advances with Regard to Climate Change’
Mexico: National Commission for Energy Saving (CONAE):
CONAE/ Ministry of Energy estimates that the savings in natural gas demand in the power generation (energy) sector will be approximately 5.33% in 2003, 5.24% in 2007 and decrease from that year onwards to reach a low of 3.61% in 2012 for intermediate years and the savings in fossil fuel demand in the transport sector as a result of energy efficiency measures will be approximately 0.04% in 2003 and reach 0.08% by 2012 for intermediate years.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Prospectiva del mercado de gas natural 2003-2012
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=weo&id=3210
Mexico: Official Mexican Norms (NOM) to determine the thermal performance and functionality of solar heaters
Programme to promote the sale of solar powered water heaters in the Mexican Residential Sector, demonstrate that is a viable and pollution-reducing option for heating water in Mexican households.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: Government Initiative
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=weo&id=3212
Mexico: Official Mexican Norms (NOM) for solar heaters
NOM for solar heaters, with the goal of setting up criteria for the use of solar energy in new establishments and remodeling in Mexico City, that require hot water for productive uses. This NOM establishes that at least 30% of the annual energy consumption needs to come from solar heating systems.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force
References:
http://www.conae.gob.mx/work/sites/CONAE/resources/LocalContent/4427/4/s...
Mexico: Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2001-2006
The strategy includes: a) Promote the sustainable use of the natural resources, specially the efficiency in the use of the water and the energy. b) Promote an integrated and decentralized environmental management. c) Support the scientific research and the technological innovation, like the adoption of productive processes and clean technologies, to support the sustainable development of the country d) Promote processes of education, qualification, communication and fortification of the citizen participation relative to the protection of the environment and the sustainable use of natural resources. e) Improve the environmental performance of the federal public administration. f) Continue in the design and the implementation of the national strategy for the sustainable development. g) Advance in the mitigation of the emissions.
Date Implemented: 2001-2006
Status: Framework Policy
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCCC
Mexico: Program to Improve the Air Quality in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (PROAIRE)
Includes more than 80 measures that affect transportation, industry, the service sector, natural resources, health, and education. It focuses on the reduction of ozone and particulate matter, and emphasizes environmental education and citizen participation.
Date Implemented: 2002-2010
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://www.epa.gov/integenv/documents/mexico/ies_mexico_fact_508_8-10-06...
http://mce2.org/education/posters_eng/posters14.pdf
Mexico: Programa de Ahorro de Energía del Sector Eléctrico (PAESE)
This program includes accelerating the process of construction and entrance in operation of new electrical power stations; changing some concepts in the Law of the Public Service of Electrical Energy in order to allow private sector participation in electricity generation; and the establishment of energy saving as an objective.
Date Implemented: 1989
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCCC
Mexico: Programa de Incentivos y Desarrollo de Mercado
This program includes four specific projects: granting economic incentives to commercial and industrial companies to purchase high efficiency motors, lighting system units and compressors; establishing financing schemes for the development and execution of projects for energy savings; developing schemes in power services that not only provide technical support but also financing to energy saving projects.
Status: In Force
Funding Information: $23.4 millon loan from the Inter-American Devlopment Bank
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCCC
Mexico: Programa Forestal y de Suelos
To guarantee the conservation of the forest resources and the grounds, to counteract the structural problems of soil deterioration, to stop the process of soil degradation and to repair the damage done, to promote private sector participation in Mexico’s economic development, to contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of farm communities, and to precipitate the incorporation of the concept of sustainability into the use of natural resources. The program includes sub-programs such as, the forest development program, the reforestation program, and the program of commercial forest plantations.
Date Implemented: 1995-2000
Status: Ended; Framework policy
References: http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/lac/national/2000/mexico-spa.pdf
Mexico: Programa de la Defensa de la Frontera Forestal
Part of the Programa Forestal y de Suelos 1995-2000, this policy aims at incorporating the concept of sustainability in the farming and forestry sectors. It promotes the incorporation of marginally productive farm lands so that it can be reincorporated for forest or agroforest use in order to reduce the expansion of the farming activities in the forest zones and promote sustainability in farming and forest productive activities
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCCC
Mexico: Programa Nacional de Reforestacion (PRONARE)
This program, since incorperated into SEMERNAT, is responsible for productive reconversion, restoration of river basins, and promotion and rescue of threatened species of flora.
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: In Force
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCCC
Mexico: Programa para el Desarrollo de Plantaciones Forestales Comerciales (PRODEPLAN)
Promoting commercial forest plantations, granting direct incentives of up to 65% of the establishment costs and maintenance of projects of commercial forest plantations over seven years.
Date Implemented: 1997
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Targets: 875 thousand hectares of commercial forest plantation
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCCC
Mexico: Programa para el Desarrollo Forestal (PRODEFOR)
Supports the promotion of productivity and sustainable management of the natural forest, in order to improve the quality of life in communities and the diversified use of ecosystems.
Date Implemented: 1997
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Targets: By 2004, the program had already executed more than 22,000 projects throughout Mexico
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCC; http://www.un.org/esa/forests/pdf/national_reports/unff4/mexico.pdf
Mexico: Programma de Normalización Ambiental Industrial
Implementation of standards and norms for water, atmosphere, environmental impact and natural resource use. Intense efforts of verification and inspection that assist companies in complying with these regulations.
Date Implemented: 1997-2001
Status: Ended; Mandatory
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCCC
Mexico: Project of Special Law on Production and Services
Proposes to establish a special tax of 0.5% to the electricity imports. The resources collected will be assigned to promote RE electricity generation.
References:
http://www.conae.gob.mx/work/sites/CONAE/resources/LocalContent/4427/4/s...
Mexico: Renewable Energy Initiative
Increase the use of renewable energies by promoting investment and marketing in green energy, power generation, and R&D.
Status: In Force
Funding Information: The Federal Government shall finance public works to help advance in the fulfillment of the program goals. The private sector and local governments will be encouraged to play an important role in the investment of self supply and/or independent power production projects. The Mexican Government shall capitalize grants from Multilateral Organizations (GEF) of 80+ million dollars to: 1) supply temporary incentives for electricity generation through large scale renewable energy projects, 2) to foster research, technological development, and capacity building on renewable technologies. Additional funding will be capitalized through the trading of CO2eq emission reductions in the international carbon markets.
Targets: Increase of the installed capacity of RE for electricity generation in 40% (4000 MW) by 2014. A wind technology research center built and operating.
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=95
Mexico: Sectorial Program of Energy 2001-2006 (PSE)
Mandates the incorporation of at least 1,000 MW of renewable energy sources to the installed electricity generation capacity by the year 2006 (excluding large hydropower plants planned by the Federal Government through the Federal Electricity Commission). In order to achieve this goal, the PSE proposes the establishment of necessary actions that allow private and public sectors to participate in the development of new renewable energy projects, including the following technologies: solar, wind, geothermal, small hydropower, biomass and biogas, among others.
Date Implemented: 2001-2006
Status: Framework Policy; Ended
Funding Information: To achieve the goal proposed in the PSE, it is necessary to use different financial mechanisms such as those developed jointly by the Federal Government and the Global Environment Fund (GEF), the World Bank, and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). These mechanisms are required to foster the development and use of renewable energy sources in the country.
References: http://www.conae.gob.mx/work/sites/CONAE/resources/LocalContent/4427/4/s...
Mexico: Sistema Integrado de Regulación Directa y Gestión Ambiental de la Industria (SIRG)
Based on a strategy of modernization of the environmental regulation, it is a juridical framework for the industrial sector that aims to make care for the environment compatible with success in the marketplace. Its intention is to promote efficiency in the operation and administration while promoting the incorporation of the environmental management. It combines regulatory measures with the voluntary aspects to induce the development of useful management schemes for the companies that fall within its scope. It provides economic incentives for bringing emissions below the mandatory levels, and aims to make environmental information more readily accessible. It includes la Licencia Ambiental Única (LAU), la Cédula de Operación Anual (COA) y el Programa Voluntario de Gestión Ambiental (PVG).
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: 2nd National Communication to the UNFCCC; UN Agenda 21- Mexico,
http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/mexico/eco.htm
Mexico: Strategic Gas Plan
Pemex laid out several objectives to achieve its goal 1) increase natural gas production through multiple service contracts (MSCs); 2) diversify natural gas supply sources from abroad and increase imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG); 3) flare less associated natural gas; 4) expand natural gas transport, distribution, and storage facilities; and 5) allocate more funding to exploration to increase proven reserves.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: The Strategic Gas Plan sets 8 Bcf/d as a goal for domestic natural gas production by 2008.
References: EIA Mexico Country Analysis Brief, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/mexico.html
Mexico: Website to determine wheeling charges
To allow the transparency in the application of the wheeling methodology in the Mexican electrical system, reduce service costs, and grant a better service to the users, the Energy Regulatory Commission of the Ministry of Energy of Mexico (CRE) requested the technical services of the Electric Research Institute of Mexico (Institute de Investigaciones Electricas IIE) to develop a Web site for wheeling charges. This Internet-based wheeling charge calculation tool is used to quote transmission services and allows potential investors to study different options for a possible service and select the most convenient one for them, without having to deal directly with the service suppliers, reducing time, costs and improving efficiency.
Date Implemented: 2004
References: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1397463&isnu...
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=2258&action=detail
Mexico: Wind energy promotion
In Mexico, a UNDP-GEF project expects to reduce national carbon dioxide emissions by 4 million tonnes per year by promoting the development of a commercial wind energy market with an installed capacity of 2000 megawatts by 2015. Succeeding in this effort will require education campaigns for government officials, hands-on technical training for engineers, and pre-feasibility studies of the country’s most promising wind energy sites.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force
Funding Information: $4.7 million UNDP/ GEF project
Targets: 2000 megawatts installed by 2015
References: UNDP
http://www.undp.org/gef/05/documents/publications/climate_change_brochure2004.pdf
Policies in Nigeria:
Nigeria: Development of Natural Gas Reserves
OSO Condensate Project, the OSO Natural Gas Liquefaction (NGL) Project, the Escravos Gas Project and the Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) Project all promote the use (rather than flaring) of associated gas.
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) estimates that meeting Nigeria’s natural gas development goals (by 2010) will require $15 billion in private sector investment
Targets: The government aims to eliminate gas flaring by 2008 and to increase its earnings from natural gas exports to 50 percent of oil revenues by 2010
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: Nigeria, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/nigeria.html
Nigeria: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decree No 86
This law states that before undertaking any project (public or private) which is likely to have a substantial impact on the environment, an Environmental Impact Assessment must be done in order to establish what these impacts will be and how best to cope with them.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/resources/downloads/wp_nigeria/wp_nig...
Nigeria: Hydronet - Sustainable Water Resources Management
This International Action Program (IAP) comissions the Federal Ministry of Water Resources is to collect data and surveys on Nigeria’s river systems and hydro projects with the goal to form a comprehensive database that will be used for water resource management.
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: Federal Government of Nigeria; ADB / NEPAD / ECOWAS
References: http://www.renewables2004.de/pdf/List_of_Actions_and_Commitments.pdf
Nigeria: Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed by the Government with the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) on the production of ethanol from cassava tubers.
This initiative will provide income and support for cassava farmers by increasing production and identifying commercial markets for cassava within various industries.
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: Planned
Funding Information: $4.2 million from USAID, Shell
References: http://allafrica.com/stories/200701190468.html
http://www.usaid.gov/ng/pressrelease.htm
Nigeria: National Action Plan to Combat Desertification (NAPCD)
No details available.
Nigeria: National Procedural and Sectoral Guidelines for EIA for Agricultural and Rural Development
The EIA Law was enacted by the Federal Government as a tool for integrating environmental concerns into all major activities throughout the country. Procedural and Sectoral Guidelines for Agriculture and Rural Development, Oil and Gas, Infrastructural Manufacturing, and Mining activities in the country have also been put in place.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/nigeria/inst.htm
Nigeria: National Effluent Limitation Regulation
Imposes binding emissions limitations in each state. The limits are binding, but individual states may enact stricter emissions limits. The period between 1991 and 1995 allowed for industries to updrade their facilities to comply with this legislation.
Date Implemented: enacted: 1991 in effect: 1995
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-110169-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
Nigeria: National Energy Policy
The National Energy Policy establishes guidelines for the protection of the environment in the exploitation of Nigeria’s fossil fuels. It also emphasizes the exploration of renewable and alternative energy sources, primarily solar, wind and biomass.
References: http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/nigeria/inst.htm
Nigeria: National Forestry Action Plan
The NFAP has succeeded in reviving the Forestry Sector and has provided individual and group training to both the formal and informal Forestry sector. Each state also has in place Forest Action Plan, which serves as guide for their Forestry development initiative. Full accomplishment of the NFAP objectives has been hampered by political instability in the country and ineffective political support.
Date Implemented: formulated 1997, not implemented
References: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AC918E/AC918E02.htm
Nigeria: National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control
These standards were put in place to ensure the sustainability of Nigeria’s industrial and agricultural practices. Sent to plant managers and operators to help them improve their operations, they relate to six key areas of environmental regulation: effluent limitations, water quality for industrial water uses at point of intake, industrial emission limitations, noise exposure limitations, management of solid and hazardous wastes and pollution abatement in industries. The Ministry of Environment enforces the provisions, ensuring compliance.
Date Implemented: 1991
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; National Report for the Intergovernmental Review of the GPA: Nigeria, http://www.gpa.unep.org/igr/Reports/NIGERIA.htm
Nigeria: National Policy on Environment
This policy identified key sectors requiring integration of environmental concerns and sustainability with development. It presented specific guidelines for achieving sustainable development in the following fourteen sectors of Nigeria’s economy: Human Population; Land Use and Soil Conservation; Water Resources Management; Forestry, Wildlife and Protected Natural Areas; Marine and Coastal Area Resources; Sanitation and Waste Management; Toxic and Hazardous Substances; Mining and Mineral Resources; Agricultural Chemicals; Energy Production; Air Pollution; Noise in the Working Environment; Settlements; Recreational Space, Green Belts, Monuments, and Cultural Property.
Date Implemented: 1989
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; http://www.undp.org.ng/envsmy.htm
Nigeria: National Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS)
The Nigerian government and her African counterparts through the help of their legislators should adopt viable national Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) in their respective energy policies that would mandate a certain percentage of electricity to be produced by the RE annually. That is national RE target.
References: http://www.iceednigeria.org/Policy_Guidelines_postconference.pdf
Nigeria: Natural Resources Conservation Action Plan
No details available.
Date Implemented: 1992
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Nigeria: Niger Delta Development Master Plan
Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan is a blueprint for the sustainable development of the area. It is the first integrated development plan in Nigeria that is solely based on stakeholders’ participatory inputs and experts’ analytical guidance in 25 sectors, including health, education, transportation, and agriculture. Its objectives embrace economic growth, infrastructural development, communities’ peculiar needs and environmental preservation for the developmental transformation of Nigeria’s oil and gas-rich region. Details of the master plan are not available yet but according to the report, it is based on “a comprehensive analysis of life, development imperatives, challenges and opportunities in the Niger Delta. Twenty-five sectors, including baseline and demography, education, health, environment and hydrology, biodiversity and natural resources and financial instruments, among others were subjected to detailed study by independent consultants. There were also topic specific studies into conflict impact assessment, poverty reduction, community development and governance, HIV/AIDS and youth unemployment.
Funding Information: According to Alaibe, $50 billion, or N6.4 trillion, is required to implement the master plan for a period of 15 years. Its effective implementation needed commitment from all stakeholders: the federal government, the states, local government, oil companies, international organisations, community-based groups, and non-governmental organisations.
References: http://allafrica.com/stories/200703280517.html
Nigeria: Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste Regulations
Much of this legislation relates to water and waste management, but it also includes climate relevant provisions. S 17 states that “An industry or facility which is likely to release gaseous, particle, liquid, or solid untreated discharges shall install into its system, appropriate abatement equipment in such manner as may be determined by FEPA”.
Date Implemented: 1991
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; PILOT STUDY OF USED OILS IN NIGERIA, www.basel.int/stratplan/oewg1/projdocs/nigeria/used-oils/pilot-study.doc
Nigeria: Power Sector Reform Act
This legislation enables private companies to participate in electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. It begins the restructuring of the sector and the privatization of the National Electric Power Authority. It establishes the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) to monitor and regulate the power sector as it undergoes these changes.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: World Bank agreed to provide $100 million to assist in Nigeria’s privatization efforts. The Board approved a US$172 million International Development Association credit, some of which is allocated to go towards restructuring and privatization of the electricity sector.
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: Nigeria, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/nigeria.html; http://www.nigeriafirst.org/article_4214.shtml
Nigeria: Removed Petroleum Subsidy
The controversial removal of the petroleum subsidy in Nigeria was part of the government’s planned liberalization of the sector. The IMF had been pressuring for this move since the mid 1980s.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Nigeria: Renewable Energy Bills
No details available.
Targets: 16,000MW by 2015
References: http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=39967
Nigeria: Rural Electrification Program
The government aims to connect 1,500 communities to the national grid by 2007 and to achieve 85% electrification by 2010 (compared to 40% in 2005). 5-10% renewables by 2007
Date Implemented: 2004
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: Nigeria, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/nigeria.html
Nigeria: The Ecological Fund
No details available.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Nigeria: Vision 2010
The Vision 2010 Report outlines Nigeria’s goals and objectives through the year 2010. It covers all sectors and issues ranging from social cohesion to economic development to environmental priorities, aimed at making Nigeria “a united, industrious, caring and God-fearing democratic society, committed to making the basic needs of life affordable for everyone, and creating Africa’s leading economy.” Some of the mechanisms to achieving the lofty aims of the Vision include public awareness campaigns on recycling and efficiency, the introduction and enforcement of emission control certificates for vehicles, generating sets and aircraft, introducing the ‘polluter-pays’ principle, promoting research in new and adaptable technologies, mandatory eco-labeling for all products, and incentives for industry (loans and tax rebates) to become more eco-friendly and meet pollution standards.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: The main objectives expressed in Vision 2010 are increased political stability, economic prosperity and social harmony. However, the Vision includes several more specific environmental/climate related objectives. One such goal is to increase the national forest reserves to 25% by 2010 (from 10% in 2003). Objectives also include obtaining full compliance with existing regulations, decreasing the emission of dangerous gases into the atmosphere to zero and eliminating gas flaring by 2008.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; Vision 2010 Report
Nigeria: Waste Management Regulations
No details available.
Date Implemented: 1991
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.globe-net.ca/market_reports/index.cfm?ID_Report=1025
Policies in Pakistan:
Paksitan: “Green” awards
These awards, including a “green journalist award” and a “green NGO award” are given in recognition of important environmental contributions.
Status: In Force
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Pakistan: Environmental Protection Act (PEPA)
The most significant environmental legislation in Pakistan, it requires industrial facilities to restrict their air emissions and effluents to the limits specified in the National Environmental Quality Standards and establishes the penalties for noncompliance. It also outlines the institutional framework for environmental protection in Pakistan, including creating the Environmental Protection Agency, responsible for ensuring compliance with the rules, standards and regulations set forth in this and subsequent environmental legislation. It is charged with the promtion of R&D, environmental education, and encouraging the development of NGOs to bolster governmental activities. It may provide fiscal incentives, awards, tax exemptions, allowances, or subsidies for the promotion of environmental or efficient activities, equipment or processes. The legislation also establishes Provincial Sustainable Development Funds, oulines the duties and authority of the Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies and requires Environmental Impact Assessments for public and private projects.
Date Implemented: 1997
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Pakistan: Forestry Sector Master Plan
Reforestation and promotion of forest plantations.
Date Implemented: 1993-2018
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Funding Information: ADB agreed to support the implementation of the Master Plan by providing US$580,000 over a 15-month period
Targets: Increasing the forest area by 10% by 2018
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6900e/x6900e0o.htm
Pakistan: Fuel Efficiency in the Road Transport Sector
The primary objective of the project was to improve the energy efficiency of motor vehicles through proper tune-up practices to minimize GHG emissions. The project’s benefits accrue at regional, national and international level. Vehicle owners benefit from reduced fuel expenditures, while at the national level, the oil import bill is minimized. The project further aimed to create jobs and business opportunities.
Funding Information: Funded by GEF
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.undp.org/gef/05/portfolio/writeups/cc/pakistan_fe.html
Pakistan: Increasing Natural Gas share in the energy mix
CNG has been introduced as an alternative in the transport sector. During the 1990s the government provided incentives to the private sector to promote CNG as an alternative fuel, and as of 2003, Pakistan was the largest CNG consumer country in Asia. Other initiatives were under consideration (2003) to expand the policy, including introducing a fleet of CNG buses, using further incentives to replace polluting diesel with CNG and expanding the use of natural gas in the power sector as well.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Pakistan: National Clean Air Act
The Clean Air legislation will aim to control vehicular emissions, pollution from industry and indoor air pollution in rural areas.
Status: Planned; Framework Policy
References: National Environmental Policy
Pakistan: National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan
No details available.
Status: Planned
References: National Environmental Policy
Pakistan: National Conservation Strategy
The main objectives of the strategy are conservation of natural resources, sustainable development and improved efficiency in the use and management of resources. It covers fourteen key priority areas for policy formulation and intervention, including protecting watersheds, supporting forestry and plantations, protecting water bodies and sustaining fisheries, conserving biodiversity, increasing energy efficiency, developing and deploying renewable resources, preventing or decreasing pollution, managing urban wastes and preserving the cultural heritage. Energy policies include promoting efficiency and conservation as well as cogeneration, hydro, biogas, solar and new alternatives. The strategy also includes measures to control and limit pollution - for example, changing import duties to favor the most fuel-efficient vehicles, and regulate gasoline, kerosene and diesel pricing to make the least polluting alternatives the most affordable. The incorporation and integration of environmental and sustainable development themes into educational curricula and in the media is also an important feature of the strategy.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; http://www.iucn.org/places/pakistan/ncs.htm; http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/27.htm
http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/environment-division/media/ncs.pdf
Pakistan: National Energy Conservation Policy
The policy enumerates broad guidelines to enhance end-use efficiency in various energy consuming sectors of economy. The policy is likely to create an enabling environment to support energy security plans of the government and for effecting a change in course to sustainable energy and environment patterns in the future. Initiatives include formulating legislation, developing codes and standards, create public awareness, and capacity building.
Status: Planned
References: National Environmental Policy
http://www.environment.gov.pk/nep/policy.pdf
http://www.enercon.gov.pk/NECP.htm
Pakistan: National Environmental Master Plan
Clean air, clean water, solid waste management and ecosystem management
Date Implemented: 2001
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Pakistan: National Environmental Policy
This policy covers all sectors and a wide range of means for promoting conservation and environmental protection in water, air and waste management, forestry, and transport. The policy aims to promote protection of the environment, the honoring of international obligations, sustainable management of resources, and economic growth. It calls for the setting of standards and regulations for ambient and indoor air quality, vehicle emissions and manufacture, energy conservation, fuel specification and building codes. It aims to promote mass transit and non motorized transport as well as cleaner technologies, including natural gas (LPG), solar, hydroelectric, biogas and cogeneration with waste, and offering tax incentives for efficient products. It also calls for creating increased public demand for environmentally friendly products through education and mass awareness campaigns.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: National Environmental Policy http://www.environment.gov.pk/nep/policy.pdf
Pakistan: National Environmental Quality Standards
This legislation regulates the air emissions and effluents of industry and other big polluters.
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: In Force; Mandatory (but poorly enforced)
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Pakistan: National Forest Policy
This policy covers the renewable natural resources (RNR) of Pakistan i.e. Forests, Watersheds, Rangelands, Wildlife, Biodiversity and their habitats. The policy seeks to launch a process for eliminating the fundamental causes of the depletion of RNR through the active participation of all the concerned agencies and stakeholders, to realize the sustainable development of the resources.
Date Implemented: 2001, 2005
References: http://www.environment.gov.pk/nep/policy.pdf
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN004690...?
http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ministries/environment-ministry/media/forestp...
Pakistan: Pakistan German Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (REEE) Programme
The German and Pakistani governments have initiated a joint programme to enhance industrial productivity through the promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (REEE) project in the industrial sector of Pakistan. The implementing agency on behalf of the German government is the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and both the SMEDA and National Productivity Organization (NPO) are its operational partners.
All the three organisations and NEC, a local consultancy firm, have been working together on a pilot project under this programme by selecting six units from the textile sector. Within the different sub-sectors Spinning, Weaving and Processing have been selected.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/jan-2006/10/bnews1.php
Pakistan: Renewable Energy Development Sector Investment Program
The program is the first of its kind in Pakistan and also one of the first to be developed under ADB’s evolving clean energy and efficiency initiative, through which ADB is planning to expand energy efficiency operations in its developing member countries to $1 billion per year. The program will expand the country’s power supply, especially in rural areas, sufficient to serve about 600,000 new domestic connections of 4.8 million people. It will also improve reliability and quality of supply.
The first program under the facility will finance a set of small to medium hydropower plants prepared by Northwest Frontier Province and Punjab.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: multitranche financing facility of up to US$510 million. The facility will have a life of 10 years to 2017. Each loan under the facility would be at least $50 million and be used to partially finance renewable energy development projects. The governments of Northwest Frontier Province and Punjab expect to take out several loans under the facility to totals of $180 million and $150 million, respectively. Other provinces can request funding for renewable energy projects totaling $170 million. The bulk of the facility comes from Asian Development Bank’ s ordinary capital resources and will be subject to interest determined in accordance with ADB’s LIBOR-lending facility. Some $10 million of the facility comes from ADB’s concessional Asian Development Fund to support investments in developing institutions and capacity, as well as feasibility studies. Interest for this portion is charged at 1% per annum during the eight-year grace period and 1.5% per annum subsequently, and carries a term of 32 years.
References: http://www.adb.org/Media/Articles/2006/11118-Pakistan-renewable-energy-d...
Pakistan: Renewable Energy Initiatives
Make polices, give incentives and develop tax structures to create an enabling environment for RE.
To engage in a broad awareness campaign for the use of RE and to attract the private sector. Guaranteed power purchases from private sector RE investors at viable rates. Remote area electrification through RE.
Initiate R&D projects in wind, solar, biomass, biogas, micro hydro, fuel cell technologies and other RE fields. Strengthen existing research institutions. Engaging in the transfer of the state of the art know how on renewable energy technologies to local research institutions and private industries in Pakistan.
Expected results: more than 2,500 MW of electricity generated through RE in Pakistan by 2015, enabling environment for the private sector to invest in Renewable Energies to obtain sustainable RE growth, more that 50,000 villages electrified.
Date Implemented: to 2015
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Funding Information: Government of Pakistan has taken the initiative and committed funds for the pilot and demonstration projects of 5,000 solar homes, more than 2 MW wind energy and 100 units of 5 kW of micro hydro. Additional assistance from donors (GTZ, ADB, GEF, UNDP) and other sources has already been sought for joint projects, seminars and awareness campaigns.
Targets: To achieve a 10 percent share of total electricity generation in Pakistan through Renewable Energies by the year 2015.
References: http://www.ren21.net/pdf/IAP_InterimReport_060428.pdf
Pakistan: Self-Monitoring and Reporting System/Tool
This tool is used to help the government in the implementation of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). The system supports the country’s industry owners and operators in their responsibility to monitor and evaluate their environmental performance and in reporting their data to the EPA.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.sdpi.org/research_Programme/environment/sustainable_industria... http://www.environment.gov.pk/Smart.htm
Policies in the Philippines:
Philippines: Act to Promote the Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources - Presidential Decree 1442
This act provides incentives for the development of geothermal operations including the recovery of operating expenses (up to 90% of the gross value per year), exemption from all taxes except income tax, income tax obligation paid out of government’s share, exemption from payment of tariff, duties and compensating tax on the importation of machinery, equipment, spare parts and all materials for geothermal operations, depreciation of capital equipment over a ten year period, and easy repatriation of capital equipment investment and remittance of earnings.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: Geothermal Energy, Department of Energy
Philippines: Buhay Award
The government initiated the Buhay award in order to recognize those companies, individuals, groups and institutions which had voluntarily taken measures to reduce their GHG emissions. The hope was to demonstrate that energy conservation and GHG reductions are beneficial to both the environment and the business.
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Philippines: Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act outlines the government’s measures to reduce air pollution and incorporate environmental protection into its developement plans. It relies heavily on the polluter pays principle and other market-based instruments to promote self-regulation among the population. It sets emission standards for all motor vehicles and issues registration only upon demonstration of compliance. It also issues pollutant limitations for industry. Polluting vehicles and industrial processes must pay a charge. Any individual, enterprise, corporation or groups that installed pollution control devices or retrofitted its existing facilities to comply with the emissions standards in the Act can apply for tax incentives of accelerated depreciation, deductibility of R&D expenditures or tax credits on the VAT of the equipment and are exempt from real property tax on the machinery or equipment used to comply. It also establishes a R&D program for air pollution reduction mechanisms and technologies. It bans incineration and smoking in public places. At the local and municipal levels, governments are allowed to set emission quotas by pollution source, and the development of recycling programs is encouraged.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Funding Information: The funding for the activities proscribed in the Act will come from the Air Quality Fund set up by the Act itself. The Fund will be fed from fines imposed for damages to the environment, from the proceeds from issuance of licenses, permits and registration, and from tax-exempt contributions and grants.
References: DENR Administrative Order 2004-53; DENR Administrative Order 2003-51
http://www.chanrobles.com/philippinecleanairact.htm
Philippines: Electric Power Industry Reform Act
This policy aims to develop indigenous resources, to reduce the cost of electricity, and to promote foreign investment in the sector. It liberalizes the power sector, setting deregulation measures and privatization in motion by requiring state-owned utility National Power Corporation (Napocor) to break up its vertically integrated structure into smaller generation, transmission and distribution structures. The opening allows the participation of any competitive technology, including renewables. The removal of subsidies will level the playing field for renewable technologies by making the price of conventional fuels reflect their true market value.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: “New and Renewable Energy Resource Development;” Country Analysis Brief: Philippines
Philippines: Energy Label Requirement
Refrigerators are required to carry energy efficiency labels displaying their efficiency rating, total storage volume, and energy consumption.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.apec-esis.org/productsummary.php?country=Philippines&product=...
Philippines: Executive Order 462
This executive order provides incentives and support for the exploration and development of ocean, solar and wind energy resources for power generation.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: “New and Renewable Energy Resource Development;” Country Analysis Brief: Philippines
Philippines: International Action Programme (IAP), Doubling the Generating Capacity from Renewable Energy Sources by 2013
To increase renewable energy-based capacity by 100% by 2013, increase efficiency and substantially contribute to the protection of the environment and contribute to the economic growth of the countryside through rural electrification.
Date Implemented: 2003-2013
Status: Voluntary
Funding Information: The Government will continue to promote private sector participation in the development of renewable energy in the country. RE investments in the amount of PHP 295,28 billion and PHP 106,01 billion for rural electrification and energy efficiency programmes shall be offered for consideration by the private sector. Government shall undertake financing for investments promotion through RE Trade Mission, holding of business meetings and other fora, and the preparation and development of RE Investment Kits.
Targets: Double installation of generating capacity from renewable energy sources to approximately 4,700 MW, enabling the Philippines to be the largest geothermal energy producer in the world, the leading wind energy producer in Southeast Asia and to double its hydro capacity by 2013. To become a regional solar cell manufacturing export hub within ASEAN region, and to increase the non-power contribution of renewable energy to the energy mix.
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=108
Philippines: Investment Priorities Plan (IPP)
This plan outlines the sectors in which the Filipino government is actively promoting investment with incentives and a favorable regulatory framework. Activities promoted include the development of alternative energy sources and natural gas resources, as well as, for example, manufacturing items for export and building housing developments.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.us-asean.org/Philippines/2004_IPP.pdf
Philippines: Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP)
Five-point national development agenda.
Date Implemented: 2004-2010
Targets: one of the goals of the agenda is energy independence: 60% self-sufficiency level in 2010
Philippines: Mini-hydroelectric Power Incentives Act - Republic Act No. 7156
This law gives incentives to private sector entities with at least 60% Filipino ownership that invest in mini-hydro facilities and participate in the development of the mini-hydropower industry. These incentives include: special privilege tax rates, tax-and-duty free- importation of machinery, equipment and materials, tax credit on domestic capital equipment, special realty tax rates on equipment and machinery, value-added tax exemption, seven year income tax holiday, and access to technical and financial packages offered by financial institutions.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: Mini-Hydro Resource Development
Philippines: National Action Plan on Climate Change
Date Implemented: 1997
Status: Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Philippines: National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Program
It is declared policy of the government to promote the judicious conservation and efficient utilization of energy resources through adoption of the cost-effective options toward the efficient use of energy to minimize environmental impact. Energy should not only be produced and used in a manner that will promote sustainable development and utilization of the country’s natural resources but at the same time contribute to the country’s overall economic competitiveness and minimize negative environmental impacts.
Targets: 229 MMBFOE total energy savings from the implementation of energy efficiency and alternative fuels programs for the period 2005-2014. It is projected that about 50.9 million tons C02 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions will be avoided for the same period.
References: http://www.doe.gov.ph/neecp/
Philippines: National Environmental Education Action Plan (NEEAP) - formerly National Strategy for Environmental Education
The plan aims to educate the citizenry in matters regarding the environment and sustainable development. It proposes institutional changes to promote educational programs, the addition of an environmental focus in elementary and high school curricula and in tertiary education programs and promoting environmental sensitivity in non-formal educational arenas. The executive branch sponsored the publication and dissemination of poster calendar(s) on climate change and global warming, the organization and conduct of symposia, focus group consultation and workshops, and the conduct of exhibits on climate change. The Senate committee has also cosponsored national and Asia Pacific-wide conferences to promote awareness.
Date Implemented: 2005-2014
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Philippines: National Forestation Program
The National Forest Policy aims to ensure the adequate supply of industrial timber and fuel wood; provision of livelihood for upland communities and, restoration and maintenance of a stable, functional and wholesome environment. It also creates production forest plantations for sustainable exploitation.
Date Implemented: 1986
Status: Framework Policy
Funding Information: Loans from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Overseas Economic Cooperation (OECF) of Japan
Targets: The goal was to reforest about 300,000 hectares by 1992.
References: http://pcsd.neda.gov.ph/pssd.htm#2
Philippines: NorthWind Bangui Bay Project
The construction of this wind farm is being undertaken by NorthWind Power Development Company with assistance from the Danish International Development Agency. It is being built at a remote part of the Luzon grid which is plagued by expensive and unreliable power supply. The project consists of 15 state-of-the-art wind turbines, totaling 24.75 megawatts. The electricity produced by the Project will be exported to the Luzon grid and will displace highly polluting diesel-based power generation thereby reducing emissions of GHG. The emission reductions (ERs) generated by the project will be purchased by the Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF)/ World Bank.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force
Funding Information: total cost of about US$35 million, with almost 90 percent funded by the Danish International Development Agency
References: http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Projport&ProjID=9622
Philippines: Philippine Energy Plan
The PEP is the blueprint for “all players in the energy sector for the next ten years.” The agenda focuses on achieving energy independence and enacting power market reforms. The energy independence portion of the agenda involves increasing indigenous oil and gas reserves, developing renewable energy resources, increasing the use of alternative fuels (CNG for transport), forging strategic alliances with other countries and promoting a strong energy efficiency and conservation program.
The power market reforms aim at privatizing generating capacity, correct pricing of natural resources and energy supplies and to attract foreign investors in the sector.
Date Implemented: updated 2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Targets: One of the government’s main objectives is energy independence: 60% self-sufficiency level in 2010. Other energy and sector specific goals include: 100% barangay (village) electrification by 2008; increase renewable energy capacity by 100% in 10 years; to become the world leader in geothermal energy; to be the largest wind power producer in South East Asia. Previous PEP goals include: the electrification of 90% of households by 2017; emission avoidance of 32,000 Gg CO2 by 2313; to double hydro capacity by 2013
References: Philippines Energy Plan 2005 Update
Philippines: Power Patrol Program
Reaching approximately 1 million households thus far, the Power Patrol Program uses the tri-media to educate the general population on the benefits of conservation in energy and gasoline fuel use in the commercial, residential, industrial and educational sectors.
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Philippines: RE Initiative
The goal of this initiative is to double generating capacity from Renewable Energy by 2013.
References: http://www.renewables2004.de/pdf/List_of_Actions_and_Commitments.pdf
Philippines: Republic Act 9367, Biofuels Act of 2006
Republic Act 9367 signed into law a mandatory biofuels standard which requires a 5% ethanol blend for gasoline within two years, increasing to 10% within four years under the approval of a new National Biofuels Board. A 1% biodiesel blend for diesel is required within 3 months, to be increased to 2% within two years. The amount of bioethanol in gasoline would be increased to 10 percent four years after the law is passed as determined and recommended by the National Biofuels Board. RA 9367 also zero-rates the specific tax on the biofuels component of blended gasoline or diesel.
References: http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/01/philippines_ado.html#more
Philippines: Road Transport Patrol Program
This program focuses on disseminating information regarding the proper operation and maintenance techniques to minimize fuel consumption.
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Philippines: Strategy for Sustainable Development (PSSD)
The concept for the Sustainable Development Strategy includes integration of environmental consideration in decision-making, proper pricing of natural resources, conservation of biodiversity, rehabilitation of ecosystems, control of population growth and human resources development, inducing growth in rural areas, promotion of environmental education, strengthening citizens’ participation, and promoting small to medium sized enterprises and sustainable agricultural and forestry practices.
Date Implemented: 1989
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Philippines: The Philippines Energy Plan (PEP)
The Philippines Department of Energy has identified long-term goals for RE development, namely: (i) increase RE-based capacity by 100 percent by 2013; and (ii) increase non-power contribution of RE to the energy mix by 10 MMBFOE in the next years 2003-2012. In support of these general goals, the government shall aim to (i) be the number one geothermal energy producer in the world; (ii) be the number one wind energy producer in Southeast Asia; (iii) double hydro capacity by 2013; and (iv) expand contribution of biomass, solar and ocean energy by about 131 MW. These goals serve as concrete benchmarks for government to advance its vision of a sustainable energy system with RE taking a prominent role in the process.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: Framework Policy
References: International Energy Agency
Philippines: Total Log Ban in Primary Forests
The government issued a ban on logging in the Philippines’ primary growth forests in an effort to halt deforestation.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Policies in Saudi Arabia:
Saudi Arabia: 7th Five-Year Plan
This development aims to achieve GDP growth in a sustainable fashion. One priority is the diversification of the economy away from the dominant oil and gas industry.
Date Implemented: 2000-2005
Status: Framework Policy
Target: annual GDP growth rate of 3.1%
Saudi Arabai: Air quality standards
The government is planning more stringant air quality standards to eliminate the shortcomings of the previous standard.
Status: Mandatory
References: http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/saudi/inst.htm
Saudi Arabia: Economic Liberalization/diversification
Saudi Arabia recognizes that its economy is dependent on fossil fuels and therefore prefers no restrictions to global CO2 emissions that will cause the demand for these fossil fuels to decrease. However, in its National Communication to the UNFCCC, it also recognizes the need to diversify away from fossil fuels. In order to diversify the economy, it must first be liberalized. Saudi Arabia has taken steps to liberalize its economy in the interest of increasing its diversification. These measures include opening the natural gas industry to foreign investment, privatizing certain industries, and working toward accession in WTO.
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC Nov 2005
Saudi Arabia: Eighth Five-Year Plan
In the General Objectives the 5th and the 11th statements plan to diversify the economic base with due emphasis on promising areas such as manufacturing industries, particularly energy, and related derivatives, intensive industries, as well as mining tourism and information technology industries and to protect the environment and develop suitable systems in the context of sustainable development requirement.
Date Implemented: 2005-2010
Status: In Force; Multi-sectoral Framework Policy
Saudi Arabia: Environmental Impact Assessment Law
No details available.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/saudi/inst.htm
Saudi Arabia: Fifth Development Plan
This plan aims to improve the standard of living and the welfare of Saudi citizens, to provide an environment free from pollution, with clean air, water and food and to achieve sustainable development on the basis of improved management of the available natural resources and maintain the current capacity of the environment. The plan incorporates the preventive principle and the concept of the environmental impact assessment.
Date Implemented: 1995-1999
Status: Ended
References: http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/saudi/inst.htm
Saudi Arabia: Integrated Independent Water and Power Projects (IWPP)
In July 2002, the Supreme Economic Council passed a resolution setting out a framework for private sector involvement in developing mega-scale integrated Independent Water and Power Projects ( IWPPs ). In March 2004, Saudi Arabia announced a plan to launch ten IWPPs by 2016, at a total cost of $16 billion. The (Saudi Electricity Company) SEC has already approved four such mega-projects, worth more than $8 billion. The combined production capacity of the four projects will produce more than 7000 MW of power and 600 million gallons of water daily. They will boost the total desalination capacity of the kingdom by 80 per cent when the come online between 2008 and 2010.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Saudi Arabia aims to attract private sector investment for up to 60 percent equity in IWPP projects, with the remainder split between Public Investment Fund (PIF) and the Saudi Electricity Company (SEC).
References:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Saudi_Arabia/Electricity.html
Saudi Arabia: Privatization of power companies
The government has implemented a policy of privatization of power companies and destruction of the power pricing system in an attempt to decrease unnecessary overconsumption.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/wssd/saudiarabia.pdf
Saudi Arabia: Rural electrification campaign
No details available.
Status: Government Initiative
References: EIA
Saudi Arabia: SCECOs - Saudi Consolidated Electric Companies
The Saudi government replaced the old, fragmented system of electrical power generation involving numerous small companies with a more organized, structured system. SCECOs - Saudi Consolidated Electric Companies - each provide electricity for a whole region of the Kingdom.
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://www.saudinf.com/main/g6.htm
Saudi Arabia: Three-year renewable license to conduct a feasibility study for a waste-to-energy (WTE) facility
In July 2006, the U.S.-based International Power Group (IPWG) was granted a three-year renewable license to conduct a feasibility study for a waste-to-energy (WTE) facility in the southwestern city of Jizan . Following the study, a US$300-million plant was commissioned, and is expected to come online in Dec ember 2008. According to IPWG, the WTE modules combust up to 180 tons of solid and hazardous waste, while generating 6 MW of electricity and up to 250,000 gallons of distilled water per day.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Saudi_Arabia/Electricity.html
Policies in Sinapore:
Singapore: Area Licensing Scheme/Road User Charge
Part of the Road Traffic Act, this scheme started in 1975 to limit the traffic into the center of the city (the Central Business District) during peak hours. Licenses to enter the area had to be pre-purchased and visibly displayed on the vehicle. Violators were fined through the mail. Since then the program has been expanded. All vehicles are fitted with an in-vehicle unit using a cash card. The stored value in the cash card is automatically deducted when a vehicle enters the city or travels along the more congested expressways and major roads where the charge has been levied. Charges depend on the road/part of the road traveled, the hour of the day or day of the week of travel, and the make/model of vehicle. Singapore has plans to expand this system still further.
Date Implemented: 1975, 1998
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/ http://www.blpnet.org/learning/casebooks/uncrd/yuan.pdf
Singapore: Eco-Office Program
As such a significant portion of daily life is spent in the office, this certification program is intended to promote efficiency, reduced consumption and environmental awareness in offices. The first phase involved the distribution of eco-friendly office kits to raise awareness and cultivate environmentally friendly habits in the workplace. A website with the online office rating system was developed during the second phase.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.ecooffice.com.sg/site/about.html
Singapore: Educational and Awareness Campaigns
The government has instituted education and awareness campaigns. The National Environmental Agency provides educational materials and brochures. Green Circle promotes recycling and environmental awareness for children. More examples available at: http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/category_sub.asp?cid=67 and at http://app.nea.gov.sg/
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://broadband.mewr.gov.sg/3Rcity/index.html
Singapore: Energy Audit Scheme
The Scheme is designed to provide an impetus for industries to improve the energy efficiency of their operations. Its objective is to encourage industries that use large amounts of oil and gas to put in place a formal system for the management of energy use to improve their energy efficiency. Under the Scheme, companies can either use in-house staff or engage external energy audit specialists in carrying out their energy audits. Such audits, which are carried out every 3-5 years, would help industries to systematically identify opportunities for improving energy efficiency regularly. The companies could then take measures to improve the energy efficiency of their facilities.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.nccc.gov.sg/industry/eas.shtm
Singapore: Energy Efficiency Improvement Assistance Scheme (EASe)
The Energy Efficiency Improvement Assistance Scheme (EASe) is a co-funding scheme administered by NEA to incentivise companies in the manufacturing and building sectors to carry out detailed studies on their energy consumption and identify potential areas for energy efficiency improvement.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Funding would be provided for up to 50% of the qualifying cost of engaging an expert consultant or Energy Service Company (ESCO) to conduct investment grade energy appraisals and recommend specific measures that can be implemented to improve energy efficiency. Over a 5-year period, the maximum amount of funding to any single facility or building is capped at $200,000.
References: http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/article.asp?pid=1643
Singapore: Energy Labelling Scheme for air-conditioners and refrigerators
Date Implemented: 2007
Status: Mandatory on July 1, 2007
Singapore: Energy Recovery from Biomass in Municipal Waste
All incinerable waste not recovered, reused or recycled is sent for incineration at the waste-to-energy incineration plants operated by the National Environment Agency. The combustion of municipal waste including renewables in the waste produce heat, which is recovered to generate electricity. The electricity generated is fed into the electricity grid. The biomass in Singapore’s municipal waste are mainly wood waste, horticultural waste, food waste and paper waste.
Date Implemented: 1979
Status: In Force Government Initiative
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=1661&action=detail
http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/category_sub.asp?cid=75
Singapore: Energy Smart Buildings Scheme
The Energy Smart Buildings Scheme, developed by the Energy Sustainability Unit (ESU) of the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the National Environment Agency (NEA), aims to promote the active management of energy use by according recognition to buildings that are ranked in the top band of the total building cohort using an energy efficiency benchmarking system. Presently, the Scheme is ready for office buildings. The Scheme provides resources such as a national benchmarking system, an online assessment tool and technical guidance on various systems performance for building owners’ and managements’ easy adoption and use. The Scheme offers performance indicators and energy efficiency targets as management tools for performance tracking and improvements.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force
References: http://www.nccc.gov.sg/energysmart/office.shtm?pid=2536
Singapore: Energy Standards of the Building and Construction Authority (BCA)
Energy conservation standards have been incorporated into building codes. They mandate, for example, that Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) not exceed 45 W/m2 to reduce heat transfer into a building. These regulations were made stricter in 2001 with the introduction of Envelope Thermal Transfer Value (ETTV), a new and more accurate formulation of heat transfer into a building under local weather conditions. The new compliance value is 35 Watts per unit area of heat gain by the building instead of 45 Watt as prescribed in the current regulations.
Date Implemented: 1979
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Singapore: Environmental Pollution Control Act
This policy consolidates all the environmental regulations and related measures. Regarding climate change, it regulates the emissions from any industrial or commercial plant or household. It limits the air pollutants that can be released and the activities that cause air pollution.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/
Singapore: Financial disincentives to car ownership
The Ministry of Finance has levied a steep import duty on vehicles. The Land Transport Authority collects a heavy registration fee and an additional registration fee (ARF) for each vehicle registered in Singapore, as well as the annual Road Tax, which increases proportionate to the size of the vehicle’s engine, penalizing owners of larger capacity, higher polluting engines.
Date Implemented: 1970s
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: A Case Study on Urban Transportation Development and Management in Singapore
Singapore: Fuel cell testbedding projects
The fuel cell vehicle demonstration project from DaimlerChrysler was launched in 2001, in conjunction with the installation of hydrogen refueling stations by BP. The vehicles finally arrived in May 04 and the leasees of the vehicles were also announced: BP, Conrad Centennial Singapore, DaimlerChrysler, Michelin and NEA. The BP station will be the first refueling station in Asia co-located with an existing petrol station.
Five cities will be involved in this project, namely Berlin, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Singapore and Tokyo.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.nccc.gov.sg/renewables/testbedding.shtm
Singapore: Fuel Economy Labeling Scheme
The Label, displayed prominently on the upper right corner of the windshield of all participating show room models, provides information on fuel economy of vehicles measured under standardized (UN ECE R101 (urban cycle)) test conditions. The Label allows consumers to compare vehicles’ performance and make informed decisions.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.sec.org.sg/greenlabel_htm/greenlable_frameset.htm
Singapore: Green Labeling Scheme (SGLS)
Products deemed environmentally friendly according to the criteria specified by the scheme are awarded the Green Label endorsement. This distinction helps consumers identify and select environmentally friendly products when they make their purchases. The Scheme also includes the Singapore Energy Efficiency Labeling Scheme where four checks on the label designate the level of energy efficiency and savings in annual power consumption.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Product owners who wish to join the labeling scheme must pay a $300 fee per product/model for the first 3 years and a $200 for each subsequent renewal of the 3yr endorsement.
References: http://www.sec.org.sg/greenlabel_htm/greenlable_frameset.htm
Singapore: Green Mark Scheme
Initiative to move Singapore’s construction industry towards more environment-friendly buildings. It is intended to raise environmental awareness among developers, designers and builders when they start project conceptualisation and design, as well as during construction. It provides a comprehensive framework for assessing building performance and environmental friendliness. Buildings are awarded the BCA Green Mark based on five key criteria: Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Site/Project Development & Management (Building Management & Operation for existing buildings), Good Indoor Environmental Quality & Environmental Protection, Innovation.
Under the Green Mark assessment system, points are awarded for incorporating environment-friendly features which are better than normal practice. The assessment identifies designs where specific targets are met. Meeting one or more indicates that the building is likely to be more environmental friendly than buildings where the issues have not been addressed. The total number of points obtained provides an indication of the environmental friendliness of the building design.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/green_mark_buildings.html
Singapore: Green Plan 2012
SGP 2012 describes Singapore’s goals, objectives, targets and plans for sustainable and green development through 2012. The plan focuses on reducing waste, increasing recycling programs, curbing air polluting emissions, increasing and diversifying water resources and safeguarding public health.
Date Implemented: 2002
Targets: Singapore’s goals in the SGP 2012 include achieving and maintaining a “good” rating for the Pollutant Standards Index range for 85% of the year, and staying within the ‘moderate’ range for the remaining 15%, meeting 60% of Singapore’s electricity needs with natural gas (objective achieved in 2003) and enhancing public transportation as an attractive alternative to private cars.
References: EIA Country Analysis Brief: Singapore, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/singapor.html; SGP 2012
Singapore: Green Plan 2012 (2006 edition)
The Singapore Green Plan is a 10-year national blueprint to build a sustainable environment for generations to come. The SGP2012 is Singapore’s 10-year blueprint towards environmental sustainability, it encompasses six focus areas: Air and Climate Change, Water, Waste Management, Nature, Public Health and International Environmental Relations.
Date Implemented: 2005, updated 2005
Status: In Force; Framework policy
Targets: 1. Reduce the ambient Particulate Matter 2.5 level to within an average of 15 µg /Nm 3 by 2014;
2. Improve carbon intensity (i.e. carbon dioxide emission per GDP dollar) by 25% from 1990 level by 2012;
3. Reduce Singapore ‘s per capita domestic water consumption from 162 litres per day in 2004 to 155 litres per day by 2012; and
4.
Partner the 3P sectors to generate greater awareness of the importance
of conserving, valuing and enjoying water and develop a sense of shared
ownership of our water resources.
Action programme committees
consisting of representatives from the 3P (People, Private, Public)
sectors have been set up to implement the initiatives under the updated
SGP2012.
References: http://www.mewr.gov.sg/sgp2012/index_2006.htm
Singapore: Incentives for switching to Euro IV compliant vehicles
Through the end of 2005, Euro IV taxis get an ARF Rebate of 100% of the open market values, and 80% after that (through Sept 2006). Through Sept 2006, all Euro IV buses and commercial vehicles are ARF exempt.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: NEWS RELEASE NO: 26/2005
http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/article.asp?pid=2553
Singapore: Income Tax Act
To encourage companies to replace old, energy-consuming equipment with more energy efficient ones and to invest in energy-saving equipment, including solar equipment, Singapore has developed a one-year accelerated depreciation allowance for energy efficient equipment and technology. Provisions in the Income Tax Act promote efficiency by allowing expenditure to improve efficiency to be deducted as an expenditure rather than as a capital expenditure that has to be depreciated over time.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://statutes.agc.gov.sg
Singapore: Increased efforts to use natural gas
Since natural gas is cleaner than fuel oil, Singapore has taken several steps to increase electricity production from natural gas rather than from fuel oil. It has supported companies in entering import agreements with Malaysia and with the Indonesian state-owned company, Pertamina, to supply natural gas imports. It is also interested in building an LNG import terminal to allow it to further diversify its supply.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Milestones: In 2002, the government set 2012 as the target date for 60% of the country’s electricity to be generated from natural gas. Natural gas generated electricity reached 60% by 2003.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC; EIA Country Analysis Brief: Singapore, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/singapor.html
Singapore: Innovation for Environmental Sustainability (IES) / Environmental Test- bedding Initiative (Ennovate)
All Singapore-registered companies are eligible to apply. The proposed project must meet the following criteria: Strong elements of ‘innovation’ and ‘early adoption’, the outcome of the pilot should assist Singapore to meet the goal of environmental sustainability, project must not have commenced at the time of application, project should not exceed 3 years in duration.
The projects may be classified in the following categories:
a. Projects that enhance the Ministry’s capabilities.
b. Projects for the development of environmental technologies and products for commercialisation purposes
c. Projects with the primary aim to improve environmental performance of a company.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: Ended; Framework Policies
Funding Information: IES Fund Grants are provided to cover a percentage of the qualifying cost of the project at three levels of funding. Various levels of support for different components of allowable cost are offered, viz :
Ø Full Funding if projects result in technologies that could be employed directly by NEA and which the Ministry needs to have intellectual proprietary rights to the final technologies/products.
Ø Partial Funding if projects result in technologies and products that have industry-wide benefits.
Ø Partial Funding if projects result in technologies and products that benefit only the company.
Maximum S$2million for each project.
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=1664&action=detail
Singapore: Investment Allowance Scheme
The government offers a tax exemption equal to a specified proportion of an investment made towards modernizing equipment for increased energy efficiency/productivity by 20% or more.
Date Implemented: revised 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.scal.com.sg/index.cfm?GPID=255
Singapore: Joint Research
The National Environmental Agency carries out joint research and development projects with tertiary institutions.
Date Implemented: 1991
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Projects are usually carried out on an equal cost-sharing basis.
References: http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/category_sub.asp?cid=43
Singapore: Liberalizing the Energy Sector
The Public Utilities Board, which had been responsible for generation, transmission and supply of electricity to consumers, was reconstituted and became a regulator for the electricity industry, protecting consumer interests namely in terms of reliability and pricing. The restructuring promoted increased efficiency and innovation within the growing industry. Highly efficient Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) and co-generation technologies are gaining favor in the new investment climate - plants running on less efficient technologies are being relegated to stand-by mode while CCGT plants remain in operation.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Singapore: Local Enterprise Finance Scheme (LEFS)
This incentive is intended to help local enterprises defray the cost of modernizing and upgrading their operations, including making them more energy efficient. It awards fixed interest rate loans (Maximum of $15 million) to local enterprises for factory upgrades and other operational improvements.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Scheme is administered by SPRING Singapore and offered through 16 participating financial institutions, including DBS Bank Limited, The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, Indian Bank, Overseas-Chinese Banking Corporation Limited, United Overseas Bank Limited, Singapura Finance Limited, International Factors (Singapore) Limited, GE Commercial Financing (Singapore) Ltd
References: http://www.spring.gov.sg
Singapore: Local Enterprise Technical Assistance Scheme (LETAS)
This incentive is intended to help local enterprises defray the cost of modernizing and upgrading their operations, including making them more energy efficient. It allows them to employ external expertise for the process. They can get financial grants of up to 70% of the cost of the consultancy (S$40,000 MAX)
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.spring.gov.sg
Singapore: Mandatory Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel
From Dec 1, 2005, ultra-low sulfur diesel will be mandatory in order to prepare the country to adopt the Euro IV emission standards for diesel vehicles in October 2006.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: Mandatory
References: National Environment Agency
http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/article.asp?pid=2553
Singapore: One-year accelerated depreciation allowance for energy efficient equipment and technology
This tax incentive scheme is provided under the Income Tax Act. The objective of the scheme is to encourage companies to replace old, energy-consuming equipment with more energy efficient ones and to invest in energy-saving equipment. Inefficient equipment not only incurs high operating costs as it consumes more energy but also has a negative impact on the environment as a result of higher emission of pollutants to the environment.
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://www.nccc.gov.sg/incentive/home.shtm
Singapore: Parks and Trees Act
This Act designates areas as national parks and nature reserves which are set aside and protected from any sort of commercial activity.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/
Singapore: Rapid Transit System Act
This Act outlines the framework for the planning, construction, operation and maintenance of rapid transit systems.
Date Implemented: 1995
Status: In Force; Framework Policy/Government Initiative
Milestones: As of the end of 1999, there were 3,000 buses and 83 kilometers of MRT lines. Combined they total 3 million trips per day. A new LRT system was opened in late 1999.. By 2005, another 65 kilometers of MRT/LRT lines will have been built.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/
Singapore: Road Traffic Act
This Act sets out the regulations related to road traffic, and the use of vehicles in Singapore. It specifies that it is illegal to drive any vehicle that does not meet the minimum standards proscribed in this Act, and designates the categories of vehicles, and the taxes on them.
Date Implemented: 1961; revised 1970, 1985, 1994, 1997, 2004
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/
http://sunsite.nus.edu.sg/apcel/dbase/singapore/reports.html#app1
Singapore: Vehicle quota system
This legislation limits car ownership in Singapore and thereby limits the number of cars allowed on the road. Ownership requires a certificate of entitlement (valid for 10 years) and the quota system is based on categories of vehicles differentiated by engine size.
Date Implemented: 1990
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: A Case Study on Urban Transportation Development and Management in Singapore
Singapore: Weekend Car Scheme
Before the implementation of the Road Pricing Scheme, the government introduced the Weekend Car (WEC) Scheme to provide further incentive to reduce vehicle use. A WEC owner received rebates on the net ARF, and import duty and quota premium (up to a maximum of S$15,000), and paid only 30 per cent of the normal road tax. In return, he could only use his WEC during off-peak hours. Owners were given 5 special day licenses for urgent use during other hours (at $20/day) when they paid their annual road tax.
Date Implemented: 1991
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: A Case Study on Urban Transportation Development and Management in Singapore
Policies in South Africa:
South Africa: Air quality act (No 39 of 2004)
This Act mandates that norms, standards, mechanisms, systems and procedures be issued to improve air quality. It establishes the national framework within which these standards will be created, giving the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism or the members of the Executive Council of a privince (MEC) the authority to issue standards, enforce regulations and other measures and implement penalties for noncompliance and establish “funding arrangements.”
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Government Gazette, Republic of South Africa, Vol. 476 Cape Town 24 February 2005 No. 27318
South Africa: Biofuels Strategy
This strategy is based on a draft developed by the Energy by the Biofuels Task Team in 2006. The strategy proposes to make the liquid fuel supply 2% biofuels in 5 years. It targets sugar cane, sugar beet, canola, sunflower, and soy, but avoids use of corn because of food security issues. The strategy seeks to continue incentives to develop biofuels through tax breaks and exemptions, and addresses issues of production, land use, water resources, and funding.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Planned
References: http://www.dme.gov.za/pdfs/energy/biofuels_indus_strat.pdf
South Africa: Capital subsidies for renewable energy technologies
The Department of Minerals and Energy in 2005 announced the establishment of the Renewable Energy Subsidy Scheme. The scheme is envisaged to be a once-off capital grant made available for project developers in 2005/06 - 2007/08 financial years. It also established the Renewable Energy Finance and Subsidy Office (REFSO), whose mandate includes the management of renewable energy subsidies and provision of advice to developers and other stakeholders on renewable energy finance and subsidies, (including size of awards, eligibility, procedural requirements, etc). A Departmental Renewable Energy Subsidy Governance Committee (SGC), which will meet three times a year.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: The subsidy can not exceed 20% of the total capital cost, and minimum project size is 1 MW (for electricity), implying a subsidy amount of R250,000.
Targets: Reduced capital costs for RETs for 2005-2008. Assume technology learning rates thereafter. The subsidies for 2005/6 are R250 / kW capacity for electricity; R 273 / kl capacity / year for biodiesel and R 167 / kl capacity / year for bio-ethanol or equivalents for other RE technologies.
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=weo&id=3455
South Africa: Clean Commute project
The project promotes energy conservation options such as pooling schemes for cars and vans, flexible work hours and telecommuting to reduce the numbers of single occupancy vehicles on the roads. A business plan is also being developed for the establishment of a Commuter Information Centre.
Status: Voluntary
Funding Information: The Dept of Minerals and Energy in conjunction with the International Institute of Energy Conservation - Africa
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000
http://www.transport.gov.za/index.html
South Africa: Draft Biofuels Industry Strategy
The Draft Strategy proposes: a 4,5% biofuels industry development in South Africa and this will achieve 75% of the country’s renewable energy target - the strategy is based on the national blending specifications of 8% for ethanol (E8) and 2 % for Biodiesel (B2); a mandatory blending of biofuels with petroleum based fuels, by fuel producers and refiners, to allow for market development; that the existing fuel levy exemption for Biodiesel be extended to Bioethanol, and this be based on the energy content.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Framework Policies
References: http://www.dme.gov.za/
South Africa: Electricity Pricing Policy
This legislation seeks to liberalize the electricity sector in South Africa. Contending that electricity supply should be available to everyone at affordable prices, the government aims to create a regulatory framework from which everyone can benefit. Energy pricing will be transparent and cost-reflective. In order to promote an energy efficient and environmentally friendly electricity industry, the NER will develop incentive-based tariff structures and other instruments.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: Mandatory
References: Draft of the Electricity Pricing Policy
South Africa: State Utility Offers Energy Audits to Reduce Peak Load
The South African utility Eskom has launched a national Demand-Side Management (DSM) initiative to audit energy use in the industrial, commercial and residential sectors. The DSM audits support Eskom’s long-term strategy to reduce South Africa?s electricity demand during peak periods. Wholly-owned by the South African government and generator of 95% of the state’s electricity, Eskom states its Energy Audits mission statement as: “Demand-side management and the encouragement of energy efficiency…To independently evaluate, audit and report on the status of energy efficiency and load management activities.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Multi-sectoral Framework Policy
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=pm&id=2549
South Africa: Energy Efficiency Accord
With the Energy Efficiency Accord, the government pairs with industry leaders to take voluntary measures to increase their energy efficiency. Recognizing the benefits of increased efficiency for economic competitiveness and national security, industries and the government agree to engage each other and work cooperatively to realize their commitment. Measures proposed include the use of Demand Side Management contracts, the provision of fiscal and other incentives, the enabling of information sharing and networking, the identification of Best Practices, the promotion of CDM projects, and the devleopment of common reporting requirements, an energy auditing protocol, and training material.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Targets: The Accord aims for a 12% reduction in national final energy demand by 2015 (%reduction fromprojection use in 2015)
References: Energy Efficiency Accord 2005
South Africa: Energy Efficiency Strategy
The National Strategy lays out the guidelines, goals and means for implementing energy efficient practices nationwide and across all sectors. The key features of the strategy include efficiency standards and labeling for vehicles, appliances and buildings (adopting EU vehicle and appliance standards has been proposed and is under consideration). The Strategy mentions possible fiscal measures in later phases of the plan, including rebates and incentives. It also proposes support of R&D for adaptation of internationally available technology for energy efficiency, but proposes no specific means or budget for this effort. Finally, increasing awarness of the costs and harmful effects of inefficient consumption through education and awareness programs is one way the government hopes to make a difference in public behavior. Fiscal incentives are under consideration, but there is currently no budget for these measures.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Funding Information: All short-terms measures are low-cost energy efficiency measures because there are other important items on the government’s budget at this point. No specific budget allocations are made in this document. In fact, the government of South Africa has plans to save money with this strategy rather than spending any.
Targets: This national strategy designates a target of 12% improvement in national energy efficiency by 2015
References: Energy Efficiency Strategy of the Republic of South Africa
South Africa: Energy efficiency strategy for industry
Energy savings of 14% by 2014 for industry. Specific measures include variable speed drives; efficient motors; compressed air management; efficient lighting; heating, ventilation and cooling; and thermal savings (more efficient use and production of heat).
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information:
Targets: Industrial energy demand reduced 14% from reference case by 2014.
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=weo&id=3462
South Africa: India-Brazil-South Africa Declaration on Clean Energy
The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) trilateral development initiative began in 2003 to promote South-South initiatives on development, trade/investment, information exchange and cooperation in areas including agriculture, energy, health, and climate change. The second IBSA summit was held in October 2007. At this summit, the three countries reached agreement to work together in the promotion of nuclear energy, clean energy technologies and other renewable energies and in the endorsement of climate change mitigation. The countries agreed to pool resources to ensure a secure supply of safe, sustainable and non-polluting energy to meet global demand, particularly in developing countries. The declaration indicated that cooperation would include clean coal technologies and renewable energies such as biomass and innovative ways to transfer, develop and commercialise clean energy.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force
References: International Energy Agency http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=3767&action=detail
South Africa: Integrated Energy Plan (IEP)
The Integrated Energy Plan outlines the direction and steps to be taken by South Africa to meet energy needs. The plan declares South Africa’s continued reliance on coal, but also uses modeling to forecast which energy sources can be used most effectively to meet demand under four different scenarios. The plan advocates diversification of energy sources, including renewables, as well as fuel switching to improve energy efficiency.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Framework policy
References: http://www.dme.gov.za/pdfs/energy/planning/integrated_energy_plan_dec03....
South Africa: International Action Programme (IAP) Cape Town
To introduce a stated target of renewable energy sources in the energy mix of Cape Town, thereby moving towards a greater mix of cleaner and more efficient energy forms. The City hopes to finalise these targets within its Integrated Development Plan (IDP), which is the legislative long-term planning document, as well as to finalise these targets in the Cape Town Energy Strategy.
Status: Voluntary
Funding Information: The City is already in liaison with various international development funding agencies, calling for funding mechanisms to be established. The City has already committed itself to the provision of renewable energy, depending on the outcome of an environmental impact assessment in this regard
Targets: 10% Target for Renewable Energy by the Year 2020; 10% of Households to have Solar Water Heaters by 2010
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=174
South Africa: International Action Programme (IAP) R&D on Renewable Energy
New programmes were initiated to support the objectives of the White paper on Renewable Energy
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force
Funding Information: Department of Science and Technology through the Innovation Fund Renewable Energy R&D.
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=115
South Africa: IAP (International Action Programme): Regulatory Framework for Renewable Energy
To ensure the integrity and fundamentals of renewable energy market development by facilitating market access, fair return on investment, quality of supply, concessions / subsidies and their compliance, technical and customer standards, monitoring and evaluation, dispute management, etc. Obligation, Renewable Energy Certificates and partnerships with banking institutions and other agencies to attract private financing for renewable energy development.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
Funding Information: Donor support for study tours / training / capacity building in countries with advanced renewable energy regulatory framework is proposed.
Targets: Regulatory instruments and funding to ensure the target beyond the government’s cumulative target of 10 000 GWh
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=115
South Africa: Joint implementation strategy for the control of exhaust emissions from road-going vehicles.
The strategy sets out a road map for government, the oil industry and the vehicle manufacturing industry to achieve improved air quality through the control of vehicle emissions. The legislation applies a clearly defined timetable for the implementation of European standards for vehicle exhaust emissions and appropriate fuel specifications. Initial vehicle emissions limits began in 2005 for newly homologated vehicles and will come into full effect in 2006 when all new vehicles will be subjected to Euro-2 emissions controls. The fuel specification will change in 2006 when a total ban of the use of lead in petrol will come into effect.
Date Implemented: 2004 for vehicle standard, 2006 for fuel specifications
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: All newly manufactured vehicles will meet Euro-4 emissions limitations by Jan 2012
References: Joint implementation strategy for the control of exhaust emissions from road-going vehicles in South Africa, Final Draft
South Africa: LandCare
LandCare is an initiative to promote sustainable land management by supporting activities which encourage individuals and communities to adopt ethical agricultural practices. There are five major elements: a major works programs for resource conservation; capacity building; awareness programs; policy and legislation; research and evaluation.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000; Implementation Framework for the LandCare Program
http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/Landcare/landcare.htm#INTRODUCTION
South Africa: National Electrification Programme
Under this policy, the government is encorporating electrification and energy into its development programs. Photovoltaic-based solar home systems have been integrated into the National Electrification Programme to provide a basic energy source to those households that cannot be grid-connected within acceptable cost parameters.
Date Implemented: 1994-2001
Status: Government Initiative
Milestones: In the period 1994 to 1999 about 2.8 million households were connected to the national electricity grid, increasing the electrification level from about 36% in 1994 to about 75% at the end of 1998. A total of 400 000 connections were planned for the 2000 with rural connections accounting for 55% of these. The number of households electrified by the year 2030 is expected to increase to 84%, which is equivalent to 12.2 million households
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000
South Africa: National Energy Act
Establishes a National Energy Advisory Committee and a National Energy Database and Information System to assist with monitoring national energy issues and to provide accurate information for the development of national energy plans and strategies. Mandates the establishment of an integrated energy plan every five years that incorporates sustainable development, effective management and use of natural resources and balancing energy supply and demand. It also charges the Minister with the creation of a program to promote renewable energy technologies, an energy efficiency program, and an energy research and technology development program.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: Mandatory
References: Draft of the Energy Bill
South Africa: National Forest Act
This act recognizes that everyone in South Africa has a constitutional right to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations and acknowledges that natural forests and woodlands need to be conserved and developed according to the principles of sustainable management. The Act legislates the sustainable use of forests for environmental, economic, educational, health, recreational, cultural and spiritual purposes, and includes special measures for the protection of certain forests and trees.
Date Implemented: 1984; 1998
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000
South Africa: National Land Transport Transition Act
This Act describes the measures required to transform and restructure the land transport system. Priority to public transport services over private by ensuring adequate public transport services and applying demand-management strategies to discourage private transport. It also advocates conducting public awareness programs to foster energy awareness in the users of land transport systems.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000; National Land Transport Transition Bill, Department of Transport
http://www.transport.gov.za/index.html
South Africa: National Waste Management Strategy
This policy outlines the strategy for practical implementation of the waste management. The strategy follows the waste hierarchy approach and gives priority to pollution prevention, waste minimization and recycling before resorting to treatment and disposal of waste.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000; National Waste Management Strategy
http://www.environment.gov.za/ProjProg/WasteMgmt/waste.html
South Africa: Regulations regarding Fuel Specifications and Standards
Prohibition of the addition of lead-based additives into petrol and the reduction of the sulphur content of diesel from 1 January 2006, and further set out:
Permitted petrol and diesel grades, inclusive of bio-diesel and bio-diesel blend;
Prohibition of certain activities (such as offering for sale, selling or providing one grade of petrol or diesel as another grade of petrol or diesel, as the case may be);
Inspection and testing of petroleum products;
Strict labelling specifications for petroleum products to enable motorists to make an informed choice as to the fuel they prefer to use; and
The keeping and disclosure of records of purchase and sale transactions of petroleum products.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: www.dme.gov.za/
South Africa: Rural Transport Strategy
This policy aims to improve public transport services in rural areas and to provide rural populations with roads and access lanes to facilitate inter-village/farm transport options.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information:
Milestones:
References: Executive Summary of the Rural Transport Strategy, Department of Transport
http://www.transport.gov.za/index.html
South Africa: SAEDES (The South Africa Energy and Demand Efficiency Standard)
SAEDES aims to improve energy efficiency in new and retrofitted commercial buildings while maintaining cost-efficiency. It promotes good design, innovation and the use of renewables.
Status: Mandatory
References: http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/seminar/application/pdf/sem_sup2_south_...
South Africa: Solar Traffic Lights
South Africa has begun a pilot program for solar power traffic lights. Four pairs of lights have been installed in Cape Town to test their success. Due to power interruptions, officers often have to direct traffic when lights are out. If the project is a success, South Africa hopes to expand the program for more solar traffic lights.
Date Implemented: 2008
Status: Planned; Pilot phase
Funding Information: partnership with SA energy provider Eskom
References: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7073580.stm
http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/sustainable/ctgreen-021007.htm
South Africa: State Utility Distributes Free and Subsidized CFLs
During 2006, the South African national utility Eskom will distribute more than 7 million CFLs to replace incandescent bulbs. Generator of 95% of South Africa’s electricity, Eskom initially procured 300,000 CFLs for free distribution near Johannesburg to test the feasibility, cost-of-distribution and actual load reductions of the measure. Encouraged by the energy savings, the utility procured a further 2.7 million CFLs for distribution to low-cost housing areas in South Africa. These areas were identified by the Network Planning Department as areas with existing or impending capacity problems, and the distribution is still being carried out by various ESCOs in the country, with the help of unemployed local residents. To address the rolling black-outs disrupting Cape Town during 2006, Eskom is sourcing an additional 5 million CFLs for distribution in the Western Cape area. Approximately 50% will be distributed on the same basis as the 3-million project referred to above, and the remaining 50% will be offered to middle-and-high income consumers, through traditional retail outlets, but at a greatly reduced (i.e. subsidised) price. Normal retail prices at present are about USD 1.40 and the subsidised price will probably be around USD 0.80 cents. Eskom is wholly owned by the South African government.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=pm&id=2548
South Africa: Taxi Recapitalisation Programme
The government is offering to pay taxi drivers to scrap their old, unsafe, polluting vehicles in an attempt to clean up and regulate the taxi fleet. If drivers fail to turn in their vehicles during the window of opportunity, within which they would receive a scrapping allowance of R50 000,00, their vehicles will be impounded. The renewal of the taxi system and its management will then be taken over by the municipalities. The plan for this process is being finalized.
Date Implemented: 2005
Status: Mandatory
Targets: Government intends to remove 10,000 old and unroadworthy vehicles from the roads by December 2006
References: http://www.transport.gov.za/
South Africa: The Central Energy Fund Act
This Act provides for a levy on fuel. The use of the money held by the fund is limited to certain specific purposes which include research and the promotion of renewables.
Date Implemented: 1977, ammended 1994
Status: Mandatory
References: http://www.cef.org.za/content/view/3/10/
South Africa: Moving South Africa Project/The Moving South Africa Action Agenda
This project outlines the strategic framework for the South African transport sector through 2020. It addresses urban, rural, freight and special transport needs, analyzes the sustainability of the present transport system and presents possible solutions to the problems facing the industry. Implementation of government planning policy and legislation to improve spatial development and road planning would reduce commuter distances and traffic jams. The aim is to implement of some form of travel-demand management, such as parking and access control or incentives, in conjunction with developing an improved public transport system, rather than simply construct more roads which would increase automobile use.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000
South Africa: The National Veld and Forest Fire Act
Sets up regulations to help prevent veld, forest and mountain fires, and to minimize the damage they cause by developing a national fire danger rating, collecting fire related statistics and campaigning awareness of the dangers of fires and by outlining the responsabilities of property owners in the case of fire, transfering the burden to the property owner. (measures prevent deforestation by fire)
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000; Republic of South Africa Government Gazette; The National Veld and Forest Fire Act: Act 101 of 1998 of the Republic of South Africa
http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/za/za_10.htm
http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Forestry/Tact101.pdf
South Africa: White Paper on Energy Policy
The White Paper sets out five policy objectives: increasing access to affordable energy services; improving energy governance; stimulating economic development; managing energy-related environmental and health impacts; and securing supply through diversity. The policy intends to minimize the environmental impact cost-effectively, managing supply and demand. The National Electricity Regulator has initiated a process to develop an appropriate regulatory framework for non-grid electrification when the restructuring of the electrical distribution industry has been completed and independent power producers have been established (National Electricity Regulator, 2000). The Paper also indicates the government’s inclination to support renewable energy technologies and to work towards establishing national targets for reducing emissions.
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000; Energy White Paper, Empowerment for African Sustainable Development
http://easd.org.za/sapol/energywp98-01.html#Part%201:%20Context
South Africa: The White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management
This policy represents a paradigm shift in South African Policy. Rather than focusing on impact management and remedial solutions to the problem of pollution, it centers on waste prevention.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000
South Africa: The White Paper on National Transport Policy
This policy aims to achieve sustainable development in the transport sector by minimizing the energy usage and environmental impact of the sector while aiming to cost-efficiently meet the customers’ needs. The White Paper promotes the use of more energy efficient and less polluting modes of transport. The Paper is also explicit about its aims to improve passenger safety and make more transport options available to the less fortunate sectors of the population. It promotes a user-focused transport system, prioritizing public transit over private.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000
http://www.transport.gov.za/search/index.html
South Africa: White Paper on Renewable Energy
Formerly known as the White Paper on the Promotion of Renewable Energy and Clean Energy Development, this paper aims at informing the public and the international community of the Government’s goals and objectives for the optimal use of renewable energy. Recognizing the importance of reducing the damage done to the environment by South Africa’s reliance on electricity from coal and the need for diversification fo energy resources, it commits the Government to a number of actions to ensure that renewable energy becomes a significant part of South Africa’s energy portfolio over the next ten years. These measures include fiscal mechanisms, regulatory instruments, and standards to promote R&D and investment in renewables and educational programs to raise public awareness.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Targets: The government aims to integrate renewable energy technologies into the mainstream energy economy. To achieve this aim it is setting as its target 10 000 GWh (0.8 Mtoe) renewable energy contribution to final energy consumption by 2013.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000; IEA, http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=jr&id=1450; DME’s White Paper on Renewable Energy (2003)
South Africa: The White Paper on Sustainable Forest Development in South Africa: Policy of the Government of National Unity
The overall goal is to promote a thriving forest sector, to be utilised for the lasting benefit of the nation, and developed and managed to protect the environment. Measures include the demarcation of State Forests; promotion of the rehabilitation of natural forests and woodlands; fire protection in districts where forestry is important, and protection against pests and diseases; management and control of invasive alien plants in forestry areas to augment current legislation on the control of weeds; monitoring and evaluation of the state of all of the country’s forests, forest inventories and statistics; accreditation of sustainable forest management and certification of products, according to nationally and internationally acceptable indicators of sustainability; establishment of standards for traded forest products and certification of standards; protection of biodiversity, habitats, soil, cultural assets, in industrial forests; incentives to and financing of smallscale afforestation (such as woodlots), conservation, restoration and related matters; levies for such purposes as research and training.
Date Implemented: 1997
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2000; The White Paper on Sustainable Forest Development in South Africa: Policy of the Government of National Unity
http://easd.org.za/sapol/forestry.html
Policies in South Korea:
South Korea: 10 year Forest Plans
With the aim of reforesting Korea’s bare forestlands, the first 10 year Forest Plan was enacted. Since then the concept of sustainable forest management has been incorporated into the plans.
Date Implemented: 1973
Status: In Force
References: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN009445...
South Korea: 3 Year Plan for Energy Audit
Expanding the energy audit program that targets energy intensive industries and buildings. Companies being audited will be provided with low-interest loans from a fund named the Fund for the Rational Use of Energy to implement the changes deemed necessary in the audit.
Date Implemented: 2002-2004
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
South Korea: Air Quality Preservation Act
Under this Act the government offers financial support for the purchase of buses, interest reduction on loans for expenses incurred in the installation of LPG stations and tax benefits to promote fuel switching. It has been revised to require the purchase of natural gas buses and other natural gas vehicles by government ministries, and to mandate the use of low or no pollution emitting vehicles. It also establishes limitations on unnecessary extended idling of vehicles in designated areas where it is frequent (terminals, garages, parking lots).
Date Implemented: 1999, revised 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Targets: By 2007, approximately 20,000 urban CNG buses will be in service nationwide
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
South Korea: Promotion Act for New & Renewable Energy Development, Utilization & Dissemination + Formation of Market Demand for Renewable Energy and Improvement in its Economics (Alternative Energy Act)
This policy constituted the initial framework for the development of new and renewable energy technologies. It aimed to secure cost-effective renewable energy by fitting the energy supply to the characteristics off the area and through cost effective business modeling. It encouraged the installation of waste-incineration plants to generate heat and power. It also promoted residential solar heaters, small hydropower plants and facilities to use methane gas.
Date Implemented: 1987, revised 2002
Status: In Force
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=E0202
South Korea: Asian Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
APP partners Australia, Canada, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, and the United States have agreed to work together and with private sector partners to meet goals for energy security, national air pollution reduction, and climate change in ways that promote sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. The Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate is an innovative new effort to accelerate the development and deployment of clean energy technologies. The APP has a number of projects in member countries designed to implement or improve new technologies, better policies, and mutual cooperation. In addition to renewable energy, the APP focuses on manufacturing sectors like steel and cement.
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Framework Agreement
References: http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/default.htm
South Korea: Basic Environmental Policy Act
This Act provides the fundamental regulations for environmental management in Korea. It provides a framework for all environmental legislation and measures - outlining the direction of policy and the aims of the Korean government.
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
References: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN009445...
South Korea: Carbon Neutral Program
Carbon Neutral Program, which has been going on in the countries like the US and the UK, will begin in Korea in order to cope with the climate change. The concept of ‘carbon neutral’ was introduced by the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MOCIE) in Feb. 2008. ‘Carbon Neutral’ is a campaign that makes the emissions to zero through the reduction of carbon dioxide by calculating emissions in everyday life, buying an authorized credit, investing in new and renewable energy and planting trees. State- run organizations will have emissions targets starting this year.
Status: Planned
References: http://www.mke.go.kr/language/eng/main.jsp
South Korea: Clean Air Conservation Act
Includes industrial standards for waste minimization, a ban on the emission of toxic gases, and promotion of CNG in city buses
Date Implemented: 1990
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://eng.kei.re.kr/05_inf/05_env_laws.asp
South Korea: Congestion reduction
Investment in new road infrastructure is expected to help alleviate congested urban traffic.
Status: Government Initiative
References: Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (p60)
South Korea: Design Standards for Energy Efficient Buildings
Separate building standards were implemented for buildings with particularly high energy consumption (large office buildings, hospitals, etc.). These standards require that these buildings expand their use of high energy efficient equipment and design standards in order to qualify for approval.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: http://www.keei.re.kr/web_keei/en_Issues01.nsf/0/6C2439DDEE0B943149256E0...
South Korea: Development of Diesel Cars
The government is offering research and financial support for the development of diesel fueled vehicles as they emit approximately 20% less GHG than gasoline fueled vehicles. It promotes technological development for post-treatment technology, diesel engine filters and catalysts.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
South Korea: Development of Renewables
The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MOCIE) invested in the research and development of renewable energy sources
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Voluntary
Funding Information: Over KRW 71 billion
South Korea: Domestic emission trading
The Emissions Trading Scheme is being introduced in stages. The first stage involves a demonstration project, based on the baseline matrix scheme. Other industries like refining, petrochemical, and steel by electric furnace will join and create a new carbon market in the second phase. In the final phase, a general emission trading market will be established. The government will participate as a buyer to absorb the credit offered by the renewable energy and ESCO projects.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Framework Policy
South Korea: e-Standby Program
This program was designed to promote the use of energy saving products in the home and office that decrease standby power consumption. The products that meet the energy saving standard set by the government are entitled to bear the Energy Saving Label (http://www.kemco.or.kr/english/energyboy.gif). Products covered include computers, monitors, printers, fax machines, copiers, TVs, DVD players, and microwaves.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.kemco.or.kr/english/sub03_energyefficiency00.asp?defmenu=3
South Korea: Energy Efficiency Standards and Labeling for Buildings
Under this program, newly built or repaired multi-dwelling units are classified (grades 1-3) according to their use of energy conservation equipment and materials. Buildings that rate above a certain standard are awarded a Certificate of Building Energy Efficiency and can qualify for low interest loans for the construction.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.keei.re.kr/web_keei/en_Issues01.nsf/0/6C2439DDEE0B943149256E08001C5AFC?OpenDocument
South Korea: Energy Service Companies
Promote the expansion of the existing ESCOs with aggressive governmental financial support and incentives. ESCOs invest in energy utilizing facilities if it is unable to replace or improve existing facilities with more energy efficient ones. ESCOs finance the necessary projects and are reimbursed with the money saved from future energy cost reductions. The reimbursement of ESCOs’ investment is made by money saved with future energy cost reductions.
Date Implemented: 1992
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.kemco.or.kr/english/sub03_esco.asp
South Korea: Environmental Preservation Act
Replacing the Pollution Prevention Act, this legislation aims to prevent environmental damage. With the increasingly rapid environmental degradation in the country throughout the 70s and 80s, however, the Act was later divided into six separate laws.
Date Implemented: 1977
Status: Ended
References: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN009445...
South Korea: First Comprehensive Action Plan
This plan includes measures for voluntary agreements (VA), renewable energy development and raising sewage treatment levels, as well as 111 detailed measures, including support for energy service companies (ESCO) and expansion of forestation projects.
Date Implemented: 1999-2001
Status: Ended
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
South Korea: Forest Fire Management System
The government has identified deforestation as a problem and is taking measures to eliminate forest fires, including instituting promotional campaigns for prevention and establishing preparations for rapid forest fire response.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
South Korea: Forest Tending Project
The government is providing funding for this 10-year program to promote healthy forests and forest ecosystems.
Status: In Force
Funding Information: Initial investment: 646.9 billion KRW
Targets: By 2007 the Forest Tending Project will be implemented on 2,800,000 ha.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
South Korea: Forest-Land Management Law
This law establishes land use standards and deforestation policies.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
South Korea: Green Building Certification Program
The government issues certification for buildings that have the capacity to improve environmental performance and reduce energy consumption/GHG emissions. Certification is valid for 5 years, at which time an extension may be granted. However all building certifications must be renewed after 10 years.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC http://www.keei.re.kr/web_keei/en_Issues01.nsf/0/6C2439DDEE0B943149256E0...
South Korea: High Efficiency Appliance/Equipment Certification Program
Under this efficiency assurance system, the government certifies products that perform above the set efficiency standards in order to encourage more widespread use of high efficiency energy equipment & supplies. An “e” on the product - what appears to be the same label designating ‘energy saving’ equipment - signifies its approval (http://www.kemco.or.kr/english/energyboy.gif). The program provides financial support and tax incentives for products that have been rated as highly efficient. Categories of products include induction motors, fluorescent lamps, windows, water coolers, pumps, gas boilers, transformers, vending machines, and LED traffic lights.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.kemco.or.kr/english/sub03_energyefficiency00.asp?defmenu=3
South Korea: Local Energy Program
The central government provides fiscal incentives and support to local government programs fostering the use of renewable energy technologies. These are aimed to help defray the high initial start-up costs of renewable technologies.
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/repkorea/HSetkorea04f.pdf
South Korea: Mandatory Standards for Building Insulation and Energy Efficient Designs
These standards raise the required insulation level by over 20% to minimize energy consumption. They expand the mandatory use of new high-efficiency equipme
