Policies in Brazil:
Brazil: Administrative Directive no 227
Electrobras should hold a public call for proposals to identify the surplus energy available from cogeneration (to bring it to market) and should establish mechanisms for purchase of surplus electricity.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Biodiesel Program
Drawing on the exerience gained with the Proalcool program, Brazil has instituted a biofuels program as well. This program promotes the manufacture of biodiesel, a biodegradable fuel derived from animal fats and vegitable oils, to be a total or partial substitute for petroleum diesel in standard diesel engines for vehicles or for motors for power or heat generation. A 2% biodiesel blend can be used without the need for any alteration and still maintaining the validity of the factory warranty. The regulatory flexability of the program allows participation by large argobusiness corporations as well as small family farms and businesses. The government is supporting this "Social Fuel" through a differentiated tax regime - in order to qualify for the tax credit, an industrial producer must recieve the seal of "Social Fuel" by purchacing feedstock from family farms and entering an agreement with them establishing income levels, and guaranteeing technical assistance and training.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: In 2004-2005, Brazil’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT) was allocated a budget of US$5.7 million to invest in research on biodiesel and industrial processes. The National Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES) is supporting the program - offering, for example, a 25% extension of the total loan payoff period for the purchase of machinery that uses at least 20% biodiesel fuel.
References: "Biodiesel: the New Fuel from Brazil", Brazilian government; Brazzil Magazine
Brazil: Efficiency in Energy Use Program (CONSERVE)
A program designed to provide low-interest loans to industrial firms for investments in oil conservation and/or substitution. Financed projects for rationalization of energy use in industries, mobilizing a broad government effort.
Date Implemented:1981
Status: Voluntary
Funding Information: Administered by the National Economic and Social Development Bank (BMDES)
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC;
IRDC’s project description, Industrial Energy Conservation in Brazil – The case of CONSERVE, http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-69633-201_850342-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html
Brazil: Electric Sector Model- Law 10.848/2004
Motivated by the necessity to adapt the sector to the post-deregulation environment, the National Congress approved a new financial and regulatory model for the electric sector involving operations, bidding on and trading electric energy. Also creates new governmental agencies, such as the Energy Research Company (EPE), Electric System Monitoring Committee (CMSE), and the Electric Power Chamber of Commerce (CCEE).
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force;
References: http://www.gruporede.com.br/arquivos/english/the_eletric_sector_in_brazi...
Brazil: Electrical Sector Act 10.438/2002
Important legislation for the diversification of the national energy portfolio. Insures universal access to electric power until 2015. Extends RGR (Global Reservation Reserve) until 2010; Guarantees power sale contracts to the first 3300 MW of projects which use renewable technologies (wind, biomass and small hydro). Under the program, Electrobrás buys electricity produced from the various renewable resources under contracts of up to 15 years. Also establishes the Energy Development Account (CDE) primarily to promote universal access to electricity.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: EIA Country Analysis Briefs: Brazil Expanded Environment Section; Ministerio de Minas e Energia de Brasil, PROFINA
Brazil: RGR - Global Reversion Reserve (Law No. 5.655/71, section 4, Law No. 9.427 - section 13).
This tax was designed to "provide funds for reversion, merger, expansion and improvement of energy public services." It is incorporated into the rates for distribution to be paid by users of the electrical utility’s system.
Date Implemented: 1971
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: Obligations and Taxes, Duke Energy, Brasil http://www.duke-energy.com.br/IN/Negocios/guiadoclientelivre/negocios_en...
Brazil: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction in Brazilian Industry (GERBI)
This program aims to support Brazilian industry to create market-based transactions that use energy efficiency to reduce GHG emissions.
Funding Information: World Bank, Candadian International Development Agency
References: http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/INET/IMAGES.NSF/vLUImages/Performancereview6/$file/CCCDF-English.pdf
http://3countryee.org/Paris/ProjectFindings_Govindarajalu.pdf
Brazil: India-Brazil-South Africa Declaration on Clean Energy
The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) trilateral development initiative began in 2003 to promote South-South initiatives on development, trade/investment, information exchange and cooperation in areas including agriculture, energy, health, and climate change. The second IBSA summit was held in October 2007. At this summit, the three countries reached agreement to work together in the promotion of nuclear energy, clean energy technologies and other renewable energies and in the endorsement of climate change mitigation. The countries agreed to pool resources to ensure a secure supply of safe, sustainable and non-polluting energy to meet global demand, particularly in developing countries. The declaration indicated that cooperation would include clean coal technologies and renewable energies such as biomass and innovative ways to transfer, develop and commercialise clean energy.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force
References: International Energy Agency http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=3767&action=detail
Brazil: Industrial local pollutant emissions offset law
Provides for the establishment of Air Emissions offset law (São Paulo) Reduction Programmes in areas with restricted
air quality. Also povides tax incentives and low-interest loans for efficient technologies
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Mandatory
References: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/docs/weo2006/Brazil.pdf http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=cc&id=3431&action=detail
Brazil: Inter-ministerial Commission on Climate Change (CIMGC)
The Inter-ministerial Commission on Climate Change (CIMGC), composed of nine ministries and headed by the Ministry of Science and Technology, was established in 1999 for the purpose of co-ordinating discussions on climate change and integrating the government’s policies in these ministries. The CIMGC provides input on the governments involvement with the UNFCCC and sets criteria and makes decisions on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force
References: http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/14666.html
Brazil: International Action Programme (IAP), Brazil’s Hydropower Programme
Regulatory frame is defined in law, approved on March 2004. Implementation of projects depends on public auction in order to guarantee both lower tariffs to the final consumers and smaller environmental impacts. All of them should have a Previous License (environmental) to take part in that auction. Projects will be able to add 2,819 MW to the Brazilian interconnected system. Contracts will be signed among distribution utilities and project developers, selected by the aforementioned auction, and there will a guaranteed PPA Power Purchase Agreement of a period of 15-30 years.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=32
Brazil: International Action Programme (IAP), Ethanol Green Fuel Production in Brazil
To transfer technology and know how in production, processing, distribution and use of ethanol either by itself or in mixture with gasoline, laying the foundation for international trade in green fuels.
Status: Framework Policy
Funding Information: Public/private partnerships.
References: http://www.ren21.net/iap/commitment.asp?id=35
Brazil: Law no. 9648
This policy provides incentives to small hydro facilities (less than 30MW). They are exempt from paying Financial Compensation for the use of water resources. They receive a reduction of 50% on transmission and distribution tariffs and can sell energy directly to any consumer with more than 500kW and are exempt from the public bidding process, requiring only authorization from ANEEL. And in cases where thermal generation is replaced with hydroelectric generation, the plants can avail themselves of the resources of the CCC (Fuel Consumption Cost Account).
Date Implemented: 1998
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC;
EVALUATION OF SHPs IN THE BRAZILIAN ELECTRIC ENERGY MARKET
Brazil: Law no. 9991
This policy outlines the compulsory nature of R&D investment in renewable energy sources - "the 1% obligation". It obliges the holder of concessions and permissions for public services of electricity distribution to allocate annually at least 0.75%of their net operational revenues in R&D in the electricity sector, and at least 0.25% in end use efficiency programs. Until Dec 31, 2005 the minimum investment will be 0.5%, both for R&D and for energy efficiency programs in energy supply and use. Companies that generate electricity solely from wind-driven, solar, or biomass facilities, and small hydroelectric plants are exempt from this obligation through the end of 2005.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Luz no Campo - Light in the Countryside Rural Electrification program
The largest rural electrification program undertaken in Brazil, Luz no Campo intended to electrify one million rural homes in a three year period.
Date Implemented: 1999
Funding Information:Initial estimates forecasted a required investment of around $1 billion, or nearly $1000/new consumer. Rural consumers were typically expected to pay the full costs of the connection spread over a number of years. Luz-no-Campo lended 75% of the investment to concessionaires at 6% interest, with a two-year grace period and a five to ten year repayment period.
Target: The goal of the first stage (by 2002) was to electrify one million rural homes
References: IEA, http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=jr&id=1477
Brazil: Luz para todos
Demonstration projects. Energy will be free for low-income consumers, and for residential consumers with consumption less than 80kW/month, tariffs will be reduced.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: The program’s calculated cost is $7billion. This sum will be achieved through a partnership of the federal government, state agencies and energy distributors. The federal government will designate $5.3 billion. The project is also supported by USAID funding.
Target: full electrification in the country by 2008
References: Expanding Access to Electricity in Brazil; Programa Luz Para Todos, Ministerio de Minas e Energia de Brasil
Brazil: National Alcohol Program (PROALCOOL) Decree no 76.593
Public sector subsidies and tax breaks helped get the program started: farmers planted more sugar cane, investors built distilleries to convert the crop to ethanol and automakers designed cars to run on 100 percent alcohol. The government financed a distribution network to get the fuel to gas stations and kept alcohol prices low to entice consumers. In the 1990s, the government gradually withdrew its subsidies and lifted price controls on ethanol when cheap oil prices and ethanol shortages caused consumers to switch back to gasoline. Today, the price difference between gasoline mixed with ethanol and hydrated alcohol is defined by the Government (minus 30% for hydrated alcohol). The percentage of the mixture of ethanol with gasoline is set at 25%. The policy requires close coordination among all sectors involved: the Ministry of Agriculture and sugarcane planters, the Ministry of Science and Technology and research centres, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, the automobile industry, Ministry of Mines and Energy, PETROBRÁS, the fuel distributors, and the gas stations, the Ministries of Finance and Planning, the Ministry of Environment and automobile owners.
Date Implemented: 1974
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Milestones: By the mid-1980s, virtually all new cars sold in Brazil ran exclusively on ethanol. Today, ethanol accounts for about 40 percent of the fuel that Brazilians pump into their vehicles, compared with about 3 percent in the United States.
References:
The Embassy of Brazil in India, http://brazilembassyinindia.com/proalcool.htm;
"Fuel supply helps Brazil breathe easy," Baltimore Sun 06/20/2005
http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bal-ethanol0620,1,5894730.story?col...
Brazil: National Electrical Energy Conservation Program (PROCEL) Administrative Directive no. 1877
Policy to combat waste in the production and use of electrical energy. Measures include: Consumption labeling to inform consumers, influence purchasing decisions and induce manufacturers to make efficient products; Energy diagnostics/ audits to assess energy use and efficiency; Supporting R&D of efficient technologies/products; Marketing to strengthen the PROCEL trademark; Replacing incandescent lamps in public lighting with mercury vapor and high pressure sodium vapor lamps that consume 75% less energy; Promoting efficient lighting and appliances in government and residential buildings; Measures to reduce losses in electrical system; Actions to reduce electricity demand during peak hours; Offering training courses, seminars, and conferences to industrial and commercial consumers, concession-holder staff and public organizations to combat energy waste. PROCEL also helps utilities obtain low-interest financing for major energy efficiency projects from a revolving loan fund within the electric sector.
Date Implemented: 1985
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: 1/3 of PROCEL’s resources go toward R&D - allowing market access to more efficient end use equipment. As of 1998, PROCEL’s core budget for grants, staff, and consultants was approximately $20 million, with approximately $140 million per year going towards project financing.
References:
National Communication to the UNFCCC; Energy Efficiency Policies and Indicators, Annex I - Case Studies on Energy Efficiency Policy Measures, Case studies on economic and fiscal incentives: Brazil,
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/eepi/a1_incenti...
Brazil: National Policy for Conservation and Rational Use of Energy - Law no 10,295
The Executive branch establishes maximum levels of specific consumption of energy or minimum energy efficiencies for machines and appliances manufactured or sold in Brazil.
Date Implemented: 2001
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: National Program for the Rational Use of Natural Gas and Oil Products (CONPET)
Umbrella legislation for a variety of projects aimed at reducing losses and eliminating waste in energy production and use, encouraging the adoption of more energy efficient technologies and delay the need for new investment in electrical stations and oil refineries. The Program targets the transport, industrial and commercial/residential sectors, setting energy efficiency indexes, reviewing technical standards, demonstrating incentives to reduce fuel consumption, and increasing public awareness about energy efficiency.
Date Implemented:1991
Status: In Force
Targets: To obtain a 25% gain in energy efficiency in the use of oil products and natural gas in the next 20 years without affecting the level or diversity of economic activity
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Energy Efficiency Label
Part of CONPET, these efficiency labels recognize the light vehicles with the best energy performance in their class.
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Green Label
Part of CONPET, the green label of energy efficiency recognizes domestic appliances with the best energy performance in their class.
Status: Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Project Economizar
Part of CONPET, this project for the rational use of energy coordinates government efforts with the private sector, supporting freight and passenger transport companies in implementing measures to improve the use of diesel oil.
Date Implemented: 1996
Status: Voluntary
Milestones: Efforts have seen up to 14% reduction in specific consumption of diesel oil in participating fleets, which translates to 144 million liters/year and 402Gg/year of CO2 not emitted into the atmosphere.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Project SIGA BEM
Part of CONPET, under this project the government disseminates instruction materials and free vehicle maintenance at service sites on the highway to motivate truckers to save fuel and monitor and analyze their consumption.
Date Implemented:1994
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: National Programme for Energy Development of States and Municipalities (PRODEEM)
The Program of Energy Development of States and Cities- PRODEEM, is an initiative that aims to take electric energy to agricultural communities using renewable resources. The government procures the necessary equipment and distributes it to the states and municipalities identified/chosen for projects. The projects focus on community development (schools, community centers, health facilities) rather than household electrification.
Date Implemented: 1994
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: For the implementation of the Action Plan, the IDB supported a US$9million grant. From 1996-2000 national treasury funds financed $21million reals, and the total budget for 2001 was another 60million reals. Also in 2001, 3,000 community systems were financed through international bidding, with a winning bid of 37 million reals for equipment, installation, operation and 3 years of maintenance.
Milestones: The aim was to develop 20,000 MW of renewable energy capacity to power schools, health centers, community centers and water pump systems
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Centro de Referência para Energia Solar e Eólica Sérgio de Salvo Brito: PRODEEM; IEA,
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=1476&action=detail
http://www.ises.org/cdm/workshop/docs/Brazil_C_DoValle.pdf
Brazil: Oil Production Program
Brazil: PROBIODIESEL - Brazilian Program of Technological Development for Biodiesel
The National Association of the Automotive Vehicles Manufacturers (ANFAVEA) has committed itself to maintaining the diesel engines? warranties even with the addition of 2% biodiesel to mineral diesel, which will become compulsory on the 13th of January 2008. With such a measure, the government intends to create a biodiesel demand of 800 million liters/year. From 2012 on, the addition grows up to 5%. The Program also envisions exporting the biodiesel, depending on production levels and on the growth and consolidation of an international market.The government is developing a criteria for the implantation of social incentive instruments. The idea is to encourage the cultivation of castor beans and palm by family farmers and in the less developed regions of the country. Indeed, the government will confer social certificates on producers who encourage the participation of family farmers in the biofuel production process. With these social certificates, producers will be eligible for benefits such as tax incentives. Moreover, the Brazilian government established in August 2005 a resolution through the National Council for Energy Policy (CNPE) determining that the biodiesel production will be bought by the National Agency of Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP). One of these measures is a 25% extension in the total loan payoff period for the purchase of machinery that uses at least 20% biodiesel fuel. The Biodiesel Program intends therefore not only to add a new fuel to the country’s energy matrix, but also to do that on the basis of self-sustainable projects that take into account price, quality, supply reliability and social inclusion. Besides its use for transport, biodiesel can also be used to generate electricity in remote communities, which represents a key opportunity for biomass use. Measures of government to induce the formation of the market: 1) creation of the regulatory landmark (Law of January/2005), creating a compulsory demand of at least 800 million liters/ year; 2) Establishment of lower cost financing lines through the National Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES). 3) accomplishment of auction of ANP 4) Acquisition of 70 million liters in 2006 of biodiesel produced by familiar agriculture (prices within R$ 1,92 and 1,80) aiming to establish a market event before the 2% compulsory demand.
Date Implemented: 2004
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
Funding Information: The Brazilian government planned to spend US$ 2.6 mm in 2003.
Target: The target is adding 5% of biodiesel in all supply of diesel over the country, from 2005 on, as well as the alcohol mixed to gasoline today. Avoids emissions of around 2.5 tonnes CO2/m3 of biodiesel used.
References:
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3437&action=detail
Brazil: Programme of Incentives for Alternative Electricity Sources (PROINFA) Programa de Incentivo a Fontes Alternativas de Energia Elétrica- Law 10438
The first stage will promote the use of renewable technologies (specifically wind, biomas and small hydro) through incentives and subsidies. Once the first phase objectives have been achieved, in the second phase, the program aims to increase renewables’ share of annual energy consumption to 10%. Also in this phase, participating plants will be required to issue Renewable Energy Certificates annually in proportion to the amount of clean energy they produce.
Date Implemented: 2002
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Funding Information: The first phase subsidies/incentives will be funded from the Energy Development Account. Consumers pay into this account through an increase on energy bills (from which low-income sectors are exempt). Also the Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES, the Brazilian National Development Bank) has special financing available for these renewable projects as well (up to 70% of capital costs (excluding site acquisition and imported goods and services) at the basic national interest rates plus 2% of basic spread and up to 1.5% of risk spread. No interest charged during construction )
Target: PROINFA will introduce 3,300MW of renewable energy (wind, biomass cogeneration and micro-hydropower ) by 2007. Once this target has been met, stage II will aim to increase the share of energy produced by renewable sources to 10% of total annual energy consumption within 20 years.
Milestones: By early 2005 the first phase was finshed and 3,300 MW were completed (1,266 MW Solar, 655 MW Biomass, 1,379 Wind)
References: IEA,
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=1474&action=detail
http://www.ises.org/cdm/workshop/docs/Brazil_C_DoValle.pdf
Brazil: Projeto Ribeirinhas
The project aims to study the viability of providing energy to small, rural communities particularly in the Amazon region, using microsystems that provide renewable energy in a sustainable manner.
Status: In Force; Government Initiative
References: http://www.eletrobras.gov.br/EM_Programas_Ribeirinhas/default.asp
Brazil: Reluz
Ministry of Mines and Energy with Electrobras and the National Electrical Energy Agency (ANEEL) intend to improve the efficiency of 9 million points of public lighting and create 2 million new efficient spots.
Date Implemented: 2000
Status: In Force; Mandatory
Target: To save 2.4 TWh/year and reduce charge in 540MW in peak time.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3425&action=detail
Brazil: Resolution 245 (Law No. 5.899/73, section 13, Law No. 9.648, section 11)
Establishes the conditions for the distribution of the Fuel Concessionaire Account (CCC) to electricity generating undertakings implemented in isolated electricity systems, that either replace power produced from fossil fuel or meet new load demand.
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force
References:
http://www.geocities.com/renovarbr/legislation_cde.htmlhttp://www.ises.o...
Brazil: Resolution ANEEL 219
Offered a discount of 50% for electricity tariffs to utilities generating electricity from wind and biomass – a benefit already previously awarded to small hydro.
Date Implemented: 2003
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.afrepren.org/project/gnesd/esdsi/brazil.pdf
Brazil: Resolution no 112
This resolution establishes the requirements for obtaining the registration or authorization for the implementation, expansion or refitting of thermoelectric, wind or photovoltaic generating stations and of other alternative energy sources destined for selling energy under the form of independent production, exclusive use or execution of a public service. Stations with a generating capacity of less than 5MW only require registration; authorization is required for stations with greater than 5MW generating capacity
Date Implemented: 1999
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
Brazil: Restructuring energy market
Under the new policy two energy trading markets were created: a regulated pool which buys power from generators and shares the costs between distributors under set prices; and a free-market environment where distributors and generators can negotiate their own contracts. Three new bodies were created: the Company for Energy Research (Empresa de Pesquisa Energetica -EPE), responsible for long term research and planning of the power sector; the Chamber of Electric Energy Commercialization (Camara de Comercializacao de Energia Eletrica - CCEE), to oversee trading in the pool; and the Electric Sector Monitoring Committee (Comite de Monitoramento de Setor Electico -CMSE), responsible for overseeing the security of supply in Brazil. These three bodies are expected to afford the government additional influence on the country’s electricity sector. Finally, electricity pricing will be determined by pooling cheaper hydroelectricity with more expensive thermoelectric plants (natural gas), hopefully reducing electricity tariffs and ensuring power is purchased from the newly constructed thermal plants. All of Brazil’s 64 distributors will now buy power at a single price generated from the new pricing formula.
Date Implemented: 2004
References: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/brazil.html
Brazil: Selective Incentive Programme for Solar Water heating in Sao Paulo Municipality
São Paulo, solar water heating mandatory in large residences after 2010 [this is not mentioned in the Legislative Proposal 276/06].
Date Implemented: 2006
Status: Mandatory by 2010
References: Legislative Proposal (Projeto de Lei) 276/2006, 28 April 2006
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=3432&action=detail
Brazil: Sol Brasil
Sol Brasil is a program of the Ministry of Science and Technology designed to increase the use of solar water heating. Its initiatives and activities include a marketing scheme, qualification/certification standards for solar water heater installers, and R&D support and incentives to promote innovation with SWH companies.
Status: In Force
Funding Information:The funding for Sol Brasil comes from the Solar Fund, developed using resources rom the Electric Sector Fund of the Ministry of Science and Technology (from contributions from utilities)
Brazil: Tax incentive for small engines
Tax incentive for the production of models with engines under 1,000cc
Date Implemented: 1993
Status: In Force; Voluntary
References: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/work/2006/indicators_apr26/Schaefer_Brazil.p...
Brazil: Thermal Electric Program
This program is intended to transform the Brazilian energy matrix, and will increase the generation of thermoelectric energy by 7 - 20% in the next 10 years. This change will confer more reliability to energy generation plants, avoiding the risk of energy deficits caused by water level reduction in the reservoirs of hydroelectric plants.
Date Implemented: 1999
Funding Information: it is estimated that the program will count on investments of R$ 12 billion. The The National Bank of Social and Economic Development (BNDES) will participate of the program, financing up to 30% of the total cost of the enterprise for the construction of plants.
Target: To increase available energy in the country by more than 15 thousand Megawatts with the inauguration of 49 thermoelectric plants in 18 Brazilian states by the year 2003.
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://www.brasilemb.org/trade_investment/trade_naturalgas.shtml
Brazil: Wind Energy Emergency Program (PROEOLICA) This program supported the development of wind energy.
Date Implemented: 2001 Status: In Force
Target: Implementation of 1.050 MW of grid connected wind energy by the end of 2003
References: World Bank Project ID document
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=weo&id=3426&action=detail
Brazil: Yellow Tariff
State Policy of Minas Gerias - installation of seasonal meters and surcharging electricity consumed in peak hours. Residential customers using more than 200 kWh/month and commercial customers consuming more than 500 kWh/month will have special metering equipment installed in order to allow application of the new tariff.
Status: In Force; Mandatory
References: National Communication to the UNFCCC
http://tdworld.com/mag/power_distribution_demand_side/
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1999/10/11/000094946_99092110080485/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txt